KIN 434 - Diabetes

Question 1

Which types of diabetes do we learn in this course

Answer 1

1. Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

2. DIabetes Mellitus Type 2

Question 2

Define Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 2

A metabolic disorder characterized by the presence of hyperglycemia due to:

1. defective insulin secretion
2. defective insulin action (insulin resistance)
3. both

Question 3

List some common symptoms of diabetes

Answer 3

• increased urination
• weight gain/loss
• fatigue, irritability
• blurred vision
• infections (urinary tract)
• tingling or numbness in hands and feet

Question 4

What is LADA

Answer 4

Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults: type 1 diabetes develop as an adult

Question 5

What is MODY

Answer 5

Maturity onset diabetes of young: a genetic defect in beta-cell function of insulin action where children have diabetes with the symptoms and progression of an adult

Question 6

List the major categories for other forms of diabetes classifications (other than type 1 and type 2)

Answer 6

• Genetic defects or syndromes
• DIsease of the pancreas
• Endocrinopathies
• drug-induced or chemical-induced
• infection-induced

Question 7

What are 4 things we can test to determine if an individual is hypoglycemic

Answer 7

1. Glycated Hemoglobin (A1C)
2. Plasma Glucose:
   - Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
   - 2hPG in a 75 g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
   - Random Plasma Glucose

Question 8

What is normal fasting plasma glucose

Answer 8

less than or equal to 7.0 mmol/L

Question 9

What is normal A1C (in adults)

Answer 9

less than or equal to 6.5%

Question 10

What is normal 2hPG in a 75 g OGTT

Answer 10

less than or equal to 11.1 mmol/L

Question 11

When do complete more than one hyperglycemia test

Answer 11

when the test scores are in the diabetes range but the individual is asymptomatic. compete the same test that was done originally unless it was a random plasma glucose test

Question 12

What is normal random plasma glucose

Answer 12

less than or equal to 11.1 mmol/L

Question 13

when does treatment for diabetes begin

Answer 13

if the individual is symptomatic or it is expected that the individual has type 1 diabetes

Question 14

What are some clinical features that present in an individual with type 1 diabetes (used for diagnosis)

Answer 14

• usually under the age of 25
• usually thin
• islet autoantibodies are usually present
• c-peptides are undetectable or low

Question 15

What are some clinical features that present in an individual with type 2 diabetes (used for diagnosis)

Answer 15

• usually over the age of 25
• usually overweight
• no islet autoantibodies
• normal or high c-peptides

Question 16

What are the criteria for prediabetes

Answer 16

1. FPG = 6.1-6.9 = impaired fasting glucose
2. 2hPG in a 75 g OGTT = 7.8-11.0 = impaired glucose tolerance
3. A1C = 6.0-6.4 = prediabetes

Question 17

What are the 3 major microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus

Answer 17

Retinopathy
Nephropathy
Neuropathy

Question 18

Explain retinopathy in the context of diabetes

Answer 18

This is complications with the blood vessels in the eyes (retina). It is the most common cause of new cases of legal blindness in people of working age

Question 19

Explain nephropathy in the context of diabetes

Answer 19

This is complications with the kidneys. Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney disease in Canada

Question 20

Explain neuropathy in the context of diabetes

Answer 20

This is regarding peripheral neuropathy. Damage to the nerves cause ulcers and loss of sensation. This leads to amputations