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Question 1

Tendon role/function

Answer 1

Transmit force from muscle to bone.

Question 2

Tenosynovitis

Answer 2

Inflammation of the tendon and tendon sheath.

Question 3

Tendinitis

Answer 3

Inflammation of just the tendon.

Question 4

Enthesopathy

Answer 4

aka insertional tendinitis. Occurs at the bone-tendon junction.

Question 5

Peritendinitis

Answer 5

inflammation of the sheath.

Question 6

Myotendinitis

Answer 6

inflammation of the muscle-tendon interface.

Question 7

Mechanisms of tendon disorder development

Answer 7

excessive & typically repetitive tensile loading, compression (transverse) with tension, and tendon strength decreases with age.

Question 8

Muscle function

Answer 8

Activators of the lever system of the skeleton. Produce force, generate movement, stabilize joints, blood supply etc.

Question 9

Myalgia

Answer 9

muscle soreness & pain. (localized regions are tender to the touch).

Question 10

Myositis

Answer 10

inflammation of the muscle tissue.

Question 11

Myofascial pain syndrome

Answer 11

Chronic myalgia usually due to insufficient recovery & excessive use.

Question 12

Fibromyalgia /Fibrositis

Answer 12

End stage of myalgia. Symptoms: spastic muscles, tingling, nervousness, and sleeplessness.

Question 13

Mechanisms of muscle disorder development

Answer 13

External forces on passive tissues.

Question 14

Nerve function

Answer 14

sends signals throughout the body.

Question 15

Neural entrapment

Answer 15

The nerve is trapped between 2 tissues (ex. muscle, bones, ligaments, other tendons) resulting in impaired blood flow & oxygenation and mechanical blocking of depolarization.

Question 16

Double crush syndrome

Answer 16

One entrapment raises the likelihood of another axonal flow disruption.

Question 17

Digital Neuritis

Answer 17

Nerve inflammation due to direct pressure, generally in the fingers and thumb.

Question 18

Mechanisms of nerve disorder development

Answer 18

compression of the nerve leads to damage-inflammation-fibrin deposits- fibrous tissue- axonal degeneration. Vibration and direct pressure (external) accelerates the process.

Question 19

HAVS

Answer 19

Hand arm vibration syndrome.

Question 20

Vasculature function

Answer 20

Provides material to cells for normal function. (especially O2).

Question 21

Ischemia

Answer 21

Decrease in blood supply (& O2) to a body part caused by vessel constriction/ obstruction.

Question 22

Example of vascular disorders

Answer 22

HAVS, Raynauds syndrome (white fingers), and hypothenar hammer syndrome (ulnar artery).

Question 23

Precipitating factors for vascular disorders

Answer 23

Vibration, cold, direct pressure, smoking, and diabetes.

Question 24

Bursa

Answer 24

A sack or sack-like body usually containing synovial fluid and situated around joints (articulations).

Question 25

Primary roles of bursa

Answer 25

Reduce friction and distribute forces.

Question 26

Bursitis

Answer 26

inflammation of the bursa.

Question 27

Causes of bursitis

Answer 27

friction, trauma, inflammatory diseases (like rheumatoid arthritis), and bacterial infection.

Question 28

Bursitis locations in the UE

Answer 28

Shoulder (subacromial) and elbow.

Question 29

Role of bone

Answer 29

Form, factories, and function.

Question 30

Role of cartilage

Answer 30

Cushioning, support, shock absorption, and joint conformity/ congruency.

Question 31

Gout

Answer 31

specialized case of rheumatoid arthritis.

Question 32

Arthritis

Answer 32

local joint inflammation resulting in pain, swelling, and stiffness. Osteo... = most common.

Question 33

Arth means

Answer 33

Joint.

Question 34

Rheumatoid

Answer 34

generalized/systemic inflammation.

Question 35

Osteoarthritis

Answer 35

Cartilage degeneration.

Question 36

Fractures

Answer 36

Usually traumatic with the exception of stress fractures (incomplete or slow healing of micro fractures).

Question 37

Causes of bone/cartilage disorders

Answer 37

trauma, bone joint motion (cumulative), systemic diseases, and ideopathic.

Question 38

Epidemiology definition

Answer 38

Branch of medicine that studies epidemic diseases.

Question 39

Relevance of epidemiology to MSDs (in and out of work)

Answer 39

MSDs are reaching epidemic proportions because of an older population and increased reporting & awareness.

Question 40

Incidence

Answer 40

Frequency of development of new cases of an illness in a given time period usually 1 year.

Question 41

Prevalence

Answer 41

Current number of people suffering from an illness in a given time period usually 1 year.

Question 42

Manipulation

Answer 42

control of exposure level and duration.

Question 43

Randomization

Answer 43

Use of chance to assign exposures. (sometimes hard to do)

Question 44

Factors in epidemiological studies

Answer 44

manipulation and randomization.

Question 45

General study types

Answer 45

Experimental, Quasi-experimental, and observational.

Question 46

Experimental

Answer 46

aka interventional, allows greatest control over exposures and participants.

Question 47

Quasi-experimental

Answer 47

Manipulate study factors but not subjects, i.e. non random populations.

Question 48

Observational

Answer 48

Examining exposure patterns & outcomes to draw inferences about disease etiology (beginning).

Question 49

Interpreting odds and risk ratios

Answer 49

know that benefit = < 1 & hazard = > 1.

Question 50

Multivariate modeling

Answer 50

multiple factors influencing an outcome.

Question 51

Factors related to epidemiological study quality

Answer 51

Temporality, temporal congruity, covariance, congruity, and plausibility.

Question 52

Temporality

Answer 52

Exposure precedes the outcome.

Question 53

Temporal contiguity

Answer 53

Timelines of the exposure (how long ago was the exposure).

Question 54

Covariance

Answer 54

Does decreased exposure decrease outcomes. (are things moving together).

Question 55

Congruity

Answer 55

Direct association between exposure and outcome.

Question 56

Dose response relationship

Answer 56

i.e. 2x exposure = 4x outcome. Difficult to establish.

Question 57

Plausibility

Answer 57

Are things reasonably explainable. Physiological/ biomechanical/ neurologically plausible.

Question 58

Characteristics of the shoulder

Answer 58

Mobility, instability, geometric complexity, and experimental inaccessibility.

Question 59

Shoulder components

Answer 59

bones, joints(labrum & ligaments), muscles, bursa, nerves, and vasculature.

Question 60

Sternum

Answer 60

Breast bone & base of the arm attached to the ribs by cartilage. Two palpable points are the SSN and XP.

Question 61

Sternoclavicular joint

Answer 61

relatively low intrinsic stability, full disk, ligaments provide isometric joint stabilization & limit clavicle ROM.

Question 62

Degrees of freedom in sternoclavicular joint

Answer 62

3 degrees of freedom; all rotational (or angular) with generally no translational because of ligaments. Elevation/depression: 30-35 degrees. Anterior/posterior: approximately 35 degrees. Long Axis: approximately 45-50 degrees (10 down, 35 forward).