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ephe 355 > kinematics > Flashcards

kinematics Flashcards

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1
Q

key positions in anatomical neutral

A
  • head, eyes, palms face forward
  • feet flat on floor & forward
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2
Q

2 subdivisions of skeletal system:

A
  1. axial skeleton
  2. appendicular skeleton
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3
Q

difference b/n kinetics & kinematics

A

kinematics doesn’t account for forces that produce movement
- type, direction, and quantity of motion: 3D

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4
Q

3 cardinal planes of movement:

A
  1. frontal/ coronal
  2. sagittal
  3. transverse
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5
Q

where does the axis corresponding to each plane lie?
where does movement on this plane occur?

A
  • axis of rotation lies at right angle to each plane
  • movement occurs about this perpendicular axis
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6
Q

what is axial movement also called?

A

circular movement - body moves about axis in circular fashion

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7
Q

what axis of movement goes into the sagittal plane?
movement example?

A

medial-lateral plane
flex/extension
ex: summersault

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8
Q

what axis of movement goes into the transverse plane?
movement example?

A

longitudinal
superior/ inferior
ex: pirouette

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9
Q

what axis of movement goes into the frontal plane?
movement example?

A

anterior - posterior
ab/duction
ex: cartwheel

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10
Q

what is movement about midline called?

A

left and right right flexion

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11
Q

what is an oblique plane?

A

plane that has 2/3 cardinal planes
*affects available ranges of motion

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12
Q

joint:

A

connection point b/n 2 bones
- named for bones that form articulation
- controls motion b/n 2 surfaces

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13
Q

3 basic classifications of joints:

A
  1. rigid, ex: skull sutures
  2. semi-rigid, ex: forearm
  3. highly mobile, ex: shoulder
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14
Q

joint flexion:

A

bony segment moves towards the other, decrease joint angle

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15
Q

joint extension:

A

bony segment moves aware from other, increase joint angle

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16
Q

hyperextension:

A

exceeds typical ROM

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17
Q

abduction:

A

motion of of a segment away from midline

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18
Q

adduction:

A

motion towards midline

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19
Q

lateral flexion:

A

trunk and neck movement?

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20
Q

rotation:
includes (4)

A

movement of a bony segment around a vertical axis
includes:
- supination and pronation of forearm
- inversion and eversion

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21
Q

2 subdivisions of kinematics:

A
  1. osteokinematics
  2. arthrokinematics
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22
Q

what do osteokinematics vs arthrokinematics focus on?

A

osteo:
- looks at gross movement of 2 adjacent bony segments as they move relative to one another
- can easily see motion
arthro:
- looks at specific movement occurring within joint and between it’s surfaces
*required for full osteokinematic movement
- difficult to see

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23
Q

osteokinematics:

A

movement of bony levers in a cardinal plane through their ROM around corresponding axis

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24
Q

2 types of osteokinematic motion:

A
  1. linear = motion parallel to axis
  2. angular = motion around an axis
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25
linear/ translational motion:
all points on a body in motion move the SAME distance in the SAME direction at the SAME time ex: carpal glide, elevator
26
angular motion:
every point on a body segment moves about axis of rotation making a circle arc - different regions of body segment move different distances in same time frame ex: crack the whip
27
what axes in the body might angular motion move about?
- a joint - COM: belly button region TYPICALLY - fixed external axis - ex: gymnastics bars
28
what 2 things combine for body movement?
linear + rotary movement
29
degrees of freedom: how many do we have?
of planes about which a joint can move max 3 (ex: hip, spine)
30
3 categories of joints based on DOF:
1. uniaxial 2. biaxial 3. triaxial
31
uniaxial joint types:
- hinge ex: humeral ulnar joint - pivot ex: radial ulnar
32
biaxial joint types:
- condyloid - ellipsoid - saddle
33
triaxial joint type"
ball-and-socket ex: shoulder
34
is circumduction a DOF? why?
NO it's a sumamtion of 2/+ joints and their DOF's
35
goniometry: measure how?
measures angle joint in its ROM - quantifies joint motion measured b/n 0-180 degrees BILATERALLY ex: shoulders or hips - "normal" ranges?
36
end feel:
sensation noted at end range of passive ROM
37
3 normal types of end feel:
1. hard/ bony ex: elbow extension 2. soft tissue approximation (limb runs into body) ex: elbow/ knee flexion 3. firm/ capsular (capsule limits from going too far) ex: shoulder, ankles
38
pathologic end feel:
"feels empty" due to: - client willingness - dislocation - limited by pain
39
kinematic chain:
combo of joints uniting in successive segments, describe a movement skill ex: open or closed
40
open kinematic chain (OKC):
distal segment of chain moves, motion not dependent on other segment - stability compromised for mobility - speeeed ex: soccer kick/ gymnastic rings
41
closed kinematic chain (CKC):
distal segment fixed, proximal segments move - motion of one segment requires all segments to move - mobility is compromised for stability and power - power + strength ex: squat, pull up, cycling (clipped in)
42
arthrokinematics:
joint surfaces on eachother, not grossly visible BUT required for full ROM - involuntary motion
43
what determines arthrokinematic movement b/n bones?
shape of articulating joint surfaces
44
arthrology:
how joints moves based on their structure and shape
45
functional classification:
categories based on ROM permitted
46
3 functional categories:
1. synarthrosis 2. amphiarthrosis 3. diarthrosis
47
structural classification:
based on type tissue connecting the bones
48
3 structural categories:
1. fibrous 2. cartilaginous 3. synovial
49
synarthrosis:
syn = together (synchronized) ex: synovial membrane, skull sutures, teeth
50
aphiarthrosis:
amphi = can be solid or mobile (amphibians) some motion, a bit of cartilage
51
diathrosis:
dia = freely mobile (diarrhoea)
52
synarthodial (fibrous) joints:
- offer stability, little/ no movement - tight b/n bony segments, no synovial cavity ex: skull sutures
53
syndesmosis synarthodial joint:
- bones connected by ligaments, SLIGHT movement + interosseous membrane ex: b/n radius and ulna
54
amphiarthodial (cartilaginous) joints:
- provide mobility + stability - little/ no movement - cartilaginous structure b/n bones, no synovial cavity ex: intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis (expantion needed for childbearing)
55
sychondroses amphiarthrodial joints:
epiphyseal plate --> hyaline cartilage connects tissue then is converted into long bone ex: close around 25, before 25 = more risk taking behaviour
56
diarthrodial (synovial) joints:
- provide mobility - most common in body - either ovoid (most) or sellar --> creates concave-convex relationship
57
what is the hallmark of diarthrodial joints?
joint capsule
58
what are the 2 layers of a joint capsule?
1. stratum fibrosum - thicker - articular capsule attaches to bone on either side of joint 2. stratum synovium - produces synovial fluid = no friction EXCEPT knee = synovial layer bulges
59
common elements of synovial joints (7):
- cartilage (for shock and friction, breaks down when arthritis) - articular discs - joint capsule - synovial fluid - bursae - accessory/ reinforcing ligaments - blood and nerve supply
60
bursae: where? function?
- sacs containing fluid - reduce friction under tendons, b/n tendons, ligaments, and bones - can get inflamed, less gushy w age
61
6 categories of synovial joints:
1. planar/ gliding joint 2. hing joint 3. pivot joint 4. condyloid aka ellipsodal joint 5. saddle joint 6. ball and socket joint
62
planar joints:
slide and glide movements! ex: intercarpal, intertarsal
63
hinge joints:
open/ close motion like a door hinge monoaxial ex: elbow, knee*****
64
pivot joints:
bone surface articulates w ring partly formed by another bone monoaxial ex: palms turn anterior+posterior, or pivot b/n C1 and C2
65
condyloid joints:
projection of one bone fits into oval depression of another biaxial ex: radiocarpal, talocrural (ankle)
66
saddle joints:
articular surface of one bone fits onto saddle shaped surface of the other biaxial ex: b/n trapezium of wrist and metacarpal of thumb "2 pringles"
67
ball and socket joints:
ball-like surface of one fits into cup-like surface of other triaxial ex: shoulder, hip
68
rolling - type of motion:
angular (points of one bony surface contact a series of points on other bony surface)
69
gliding - type of motion
linear one bony point contacts series of point on another
70
spinning - type of motion
one surface rotates around a stationary longitudinal axis ex: knee joint ????
71
what do basic arthrokinematic joint motions accompany? why are they needed? are they voluntary?
- osteokinematic motion (ex: gliding accompanies flexion) - required for full FOM - involuntary
72
concave moving on convex principle:
roll and glide are in SAME direction
73
convex moving on concave principle:
roll and glide are in OPPOSITE directions
74
why do we see mobility loss post surgery?
- adhesions = wound scars - scaring and collagen production - immobilization = lack of range
75
closed packed position:
everything is as tight as possible - max SA contact - capsuloligamentous tissue taut - minimal accessory motion ex: knee - full extension
76
open packed position:
- any position but "closed packed" - joint surfaces don't fit congruently ex: knee - 30 degrees of knee flexion
77
clinical applications of open packed position?
- joint mobilization to treat hypomobile joints - ligamentous rupture - joint may become hypermobile

ephe 355 (7 decks)

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