Kinesiology Dr.Scott Flashcards
Kinesiology?
The study of human motion.
kinesis- movement
Biomechanics?
the study of the mechanics of life.
mechanics- branch of physics concerned with the action of forces on matter or material systems.
Kinematics versus kinetics?
Kinematics- concerned with the description of motion
Kinetics- concerned with the actions of motion- explanation of motion
what is the relationship between kinesiology and biomechanics?
kinesiology is inclusive of the biomechanics of motion. BECAUSE motion is the result of FORCES.
Kinematics:
Types of Motion-
List 3 types and explain
- Rotary/ Angular - Motion of a body about a fixed axis in a curved path . Ex: ferris wheel, pendulum, bike’s wheel.
Dr. Scott said = Direction is the same, travel distance is not the same.
- Translatory-
linear- movement in a straight line- glide
curvilinear- everything move in same direction but in curve way. Is a combined rotary and translation. Moving axis of rotation.
Dr. Scott said = as i walked across the room, my head moves up and down.
- General Plane Motion- Multisegmental motion
- special case of curvilinear movement where object is segmented.
- object rotates about axis and is translated by adjacent segment.
In the human what type of motion occurs most often?
Joint level=
Functional level=
curvilinear
general plan motion
Descriptors of Motion
Axis of Rotation:
X axis AKA?
Y axis AKA?
Z axis AKA?
Plans of Motion:
Transverse/horizontal
frontal/coronal
sagittal
Direction: Give example of PLANES of motion, AXIS of rotation.
IR, ER: F, Extension: ABDuction, adduction: radial/ulnar deviation: Circumduction
- coronal
- vertical
- anterior-posterior (A/P)
POM:
- up and down, superior/inferior, cranial/caudal
- front and back
- right and left
Direction:
- Transverse plane, Y -Axis
- Sagittal Plane, X-axis (m/l axis)
- coronal plane, Z-axis (ant/posterior)
- frontal plane , z-axis
Kinetics: Concerned with the ____producing the ___ cause to move or at ___.
What is a force?
forces producing the motion , that cause to move or at rest
- push or pull exerted on one object by another. F=ma
What forces act on the human body?
list 2 and give examples
External Forces- outside the body. Originate from GRAVITY or External load
Internal Forces- Arise from Forces within the body. Ex: MUSCLE, LIGAMENTS, TENDONS
How do you define forces:
Forces are ___?
Defined by: list 3
Draw a force using all 3 listed above.
VECTORS, quantity that is completely specified by magnitude and direction.
-point of applicaiton, diretion/line of action, magnitude
(poa- base of vector arrow contacts the part of body, direction- indicated by arrowhead like upward is postive Y and downward is negative Y, and magnitude is the force vectors indicated by length of shaft of the arrow.
Gravity, attraction of an object to earth.
- Point of application- where the muscle inserts into the bone. JOINTS
- Center of mass= center of gravity, COG. Draw some.
= What is the magnitude?
formula
= What is the Direction?
= Line of Gravity= from ___ perpendicular to ____
Mass of object x 32 ft/sec square (F= ma)
Vertical down to the ground. Downward perpendicular earth’s surface.
From COG perpendicular to earth’s surface.
Relocation of COG:
How would the following change the location of the COG in the body?
- bending over the wasit?
- pear shaped body?
- muscular upper body with small legs
- lower extremity bilateral amputee
- lower extremity unilateral amputee
- cast on right leg
- lower COG lower COG cog higher cog higher shift sideway cog, little higher cog shift right, little lower cog
stability and COG:
relationship between the location of COG and stability/balance?
Lower the COG , greater the stability because closer to BOS (base of support)
ex: clown toy, Dr. Scott said punch it, and it is still there.
Other forces affecting the body:
Reaction Forces , always come in pairs
Newton 3rd law- law of ___. Define and also give example
why are reaction forces important?
Every time you take a step forces are introduced from the ground to your body . AKA GROUND REACTION FORCES
Equlibrium:
Sum of ___ in all directions = __.
Forces are balanced/unbalanced?
Sum of torques in all directions = ___?
Torques are balanced
What is Torque? define and give example
Newton’s 1st Law= Law of ______(equilibrium). Define
***EQUILIBRIUM (STATICS) = rest/stationary
A stationary object does not move unless…
A moving object does not stop unless…
forces and torques , 0
balanced
–
Force that cause rotation/angular movement . Ex: unlock door.
Law of inertia. A body stay at rest stays at rest, body of movement, stays at movement unless an unbalanced force acts on it.
acted upon by a unbalanced force, acted upon a force
===book said, forces act upon an object are balanced but doesn’t mean all force are equal to each other.
If objects are not in equilibrium, what is happening?
- Accelerating up or down
- Newton’s 2nd law- Law of ____.
Give example to shows acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass.
A= F/M . Acceleration is proportional to ? and inverse to?
- DYNAMICS- Rule of motion
why study Dynamics?
law of Accerleration.
kick wall versus kick ball.
A=F/M. …proportional to the forces acting on it, inverse proportional to the object mass.
Static analysis often underestimates forces because it does not consider acceleration.
Concurrent Force systems
- Two or more forces acting at a ____ ____ application but in ____ direction.
- Know how to calculate when giving a scale of 1 in= 25 inches.
Why discussing concurrent force system?
- Occurs in the body all the time and
- among different muscle perform the same movement
- within the same muscle.
common point, different. Ex: tug or war. ….
non current force is like pedaling a bike, one foot push forward/the other pedal pushes backward.
Parallel Force Systems= two or more parallel forces act on ____object but at some ____ from each other.
- The object acted on is typically called a ___
- What serves as levers in the human body?
same object, but at some distance .
- lever
- bones
What makes up a lever?
- list 3
Type of Forces:
Effort force- Force cauing or attempting to cause motion. Give example???
Type of Lever Arms:
Effort arm- lever arm of effort force
Resistance arm- lever arm of resistance force
How are levers define? By where forces relation to ____, the relationship between the ___ and ____
forces
fulcrum=axis
lever/lever arm= distance from axis to point at which fore is applied
EF- raising my arm , deltoid is effort force/internal force
RF- gravity
axis or rotation, EA and RA
-Draw 3 levers ,
-describe relationship between EA and RA,
-give example related to life and relatively to the body
-Mechanical Advantage
the ratio measure efficancy of a lever. Relative effectiveness of ___force as compared to ____
1st class lever.
- Fulcrum between force and resistance
- EA= RA and EA > RA and EA RA always
- wheel barrow/nutcracker and heel rise - gastro soleus (EA) and body weight/gravity (RA)
- M Ad greater than 1 (most in the body)
3rd- most common in body
RA > EA
- spring closing a door/ hammer and nail. Biceps (EF) acting on forearm/wrist/hand (RF)
- M Ad less than 1
— effort force as compared to resistance.
What is Torque (moment of force) - ability of a force to cause ___. What do you need for torque to be generated? list 3
- how to calculate torque:
Example; how much torque is generated about your elbow by the weight of your forearm and hand (10 lbs)?
Torque formula = ?
What caused this torque about the elbow?
what is needed to counteract this torque?
look at notes for further example
rotation.
Need: force, lever, axis of rotation
–
example:
torque= Force x distance (shortest distance between the action line of applied force and AOR.
***** Moment Arm= where you measure 10 inches. Distance= distance from LOG to AOR perpendicular 90 degree).
Force = forearm and hand = 10 lbs
torque= 100 in/pounds
What caused this torque about the elbow?
-Gravity pulling on the hand and forearm
- moment of arm of gravity
what is needed to counteract this torque?
- muscular contraction and
- moment arm of muscle force
—->the elbow flexors must generate more than 100 in/lbs of torque to flex the elbow
Force Components:
Rotary (Fr) - _____ to bone
Translatory (Ft)- _____ to bone
Effect of rotary and translatory forces at the joint:
-compression means together
Distraction means apart. Force applied perpendicular to contact surface , push/pull one object directly away from another.
both are linear
perpendicular
parallel
Muscle components:
- CT that surrounds the muscle and separates it from other muscles?
- CT that surrounds the fascicles?
- Delicate CT between the muscle fibers?
- what is long muscle cells called?
- a group of muscle fibers is?
- membrance covering muscle fibers?
- very fine contractile fibers made up of thick (myosin) and thin, actin myofilaments is?
- threadlike structures occur in bundles in the myofibrils of striated muscle fibers.
- epimysium perimysium -endomysium muscle fiber fasicle sarcolemma myofibril myofilaments, allow muslce to contract
Parallel Elastic Component- is passive contracted/or noncontracted structure?
- lengthen or shorten as muscle lengthens or shortens act in parallel with _____?
- undergoes lengthening during stretching.
- slackened position when muscles at rest
- will crimp when muscle shortens beyond resting position.
Parallel elastic component: list 3?
Also, what else are there ?
- noncontracted, parallel with muscle fibers
epimysium
perimysium
endomysium
- fascia , aponeuroses sheaths
- sarcolemma, elastic filaments
- neurovascular structure.
Series Elastic Component: contractile/noncontractile component plus ____.
Tendon is under tension when muscle contracts.
contractile , tendon
Sarcomere is a basic ____ of a muscle. Sarcomeres form repeating sections of dark and light bands in the ____of muscle cells (myofibers). Composed of long proteins (___ and ___)that slide past each other during muscle contraction.
Actin, thin filament, bound to the ____ line, the border of the sarcomere. Myosin, thick fibrous tail, globular head. Binds to ____ and ____ source of energy.
unit; myofibrils. Myosin and actin.
Z line. Actin and ATP
ACTIVE TENSION: Tension developed by contractile elements as a result of ____. MOvement of ____ and ____, protein filaments in muscle fibers that make up the ________.
Active tension is a stimulation by ____ motor neurons in the ____horn create active contraction.
MOTOR UNIT has? list 2.
Active tension dependent on:
- ___ of firing of MU
- number of _____ that goes to muscle
- number of fibers/MU
- number of ____formed
- fiber size /muscle cross section area. ex: quad
cross bridge formation.
actin and myosin . myofibril
alpha, ventral
MU=
alpha motor neuron and muscle fibers its innervated
- depends on frequency of firing of MU
- motor unit
- cross bridges
PASSIVE Tension: Tension developed in the ____ ,non passive components CT. May or may not add to active tension.
Total tension: give formula in words
Inert, means not moving.
Total Tension:
Active (contractile)+ passive (inert)
Length- Tension Relationship:
Relationship between tension and muscle length. Greatest tension at ______ times muscle ____ ____.
As it turns out, the natural resting length of our skeletal muscles maximizes the ability of the muscle to contract when stimulated. If the resting length is shorter or longer, contraction is compromised. The effect of _____ fiber length on muscular contraction is referred to as the length-tension relationship. Ex; bell curve
- 2 times muscle resting length.
resting.
ex; the more the resting length, the more the tension. when Beyond the resting length and it increases, the LESS the tension is.
Active Insufficiency, inability of muscle to contract, produce active tension. Result from being either excessively _____ or ______. Is a term applied to a _____ muscle. It occurs when a multi-joint muscle reaches a length where it can no longer apply effective force.
EX: biceps brachii (testing supination), and hamstrings (testing glute maximus) .
Biceps is active insufficiency when should and elbow ___, and forearm ___ .
Hamstring is active insufficiency when hip is ___ and knee is ____.
lengthened or shorten. Multijoint
flex, forearm supinate
hip ext, knee flex.
TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION:
Constant length, no work done?
show relationship between muscular torque and external torque.
Shortening?
show relationship between muscular torque and external torque.
Lengthening? This type also use for ____ or ___,slowing down. EX; carrying = still contracting.
show relationship between muscular torque and external torque. Also energy output greater/less than concentric for same load?
—> potential force production: what is the order greatest type to least?
…think of putting heavy grocery bags down
isometric. Muscular torque = external torque
concentric. Muscular torque greater than external torque
eccentric, braking or controlling. Muscular torque less than external torque. Energy output less than concentric for same load.
–> Eccentric greater than isometric greater than concentric
