Kinesiology of ankle and foot complex

Question 1

2 functions of ankle and foot

Answer 1

1) propulsion. movement

2) stable support. adapt to different surfaces

Question 2

when is the LLAF a rigid lever?

Answer 2

during supination

Question 3

when is the LLAF a shock absorber?

Answer 3

during pronation. heel strike. absorb force of weight

Question 4

what bones make up rearfoot?

Answer 4

Talus

Calcaneus

Question 5

what bones make up the midfoot?

Answer 5

the 5 other tarsal bones (navicular, cuboid, and 3 cuneiforms)

Question 6

what bones make up the forefoot?

Answer 6

the 5 metatarsals and 14 phalanges

Question 7

what are the 3 arches?

Answer 7

Medial and lateral longitudinal arches,

transverse arch

Question 8

Longitudinal arch runs from

Answer 8

heel to heads of 5 metatarsals

Question 9

transverse arch runs from

Answer 9

side to side. it is the anterior tarsal bones (cuboid, cuneiforms) and metatarsals

Question 10

Why is the talus the “keystone?”

Answer 10

no muscles attach to it. it interacts with the tib/fib to affect stability. (like a carpenter’s mortise joint)

Question 11

Pronation is what 3 combined motions?

Answer 11

Eversion
Abduction
Dorsiflexion

Question 12

Supination is what 3 combined motions?

Answer 12

Inversion
Adduction
Plantar flexion

Question 13

Proximal and distal tib/fib joint

joint type, DOF, arthrokinematics

Answer 13

prox: plane synovial
distal: syndesmosis
DOF = 0 (shouldnt move much)
arthro. prox.: very little sup/inf gliding. sometimes there is rotation

Question 14

Proximal and distal tib/fib joint

ligamentous support

Answer 14

prox (fine tune adjustments) : ant & post tib/fib ligaments

distal(holds mortise together) : ant & post tib/fib ligaments; interosseous membrane.

Question 15

Talocrural joint
(bones, type, DOF, concave vs convex)

Answer 15

talus (convex) and tibfib (concave)
joint: hinge
DOF = 1
Convex talus into concave tibfib

Question 16

Talocrural joint (TC joint)
Oblique axis measurements and primary motion

Answer 16

10 degree vertical shift (lat malleolus lower) and 6 degree anterior shift (med malleolus more ant)

*primary motion is dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
15-25 degrees/ 40-55 degrees

Question 17

20% of TC joint motion is a result of what other joint motion?

Answer 17

influenced by motion at subtalar (ST) joint

Question 18

Ligaments on medial side of ankle

Answer 18

Deltoid (4 parts)
plantar calcaneonavicular (aka spring)

Question 19

parts of deltoid ligament

Answer 19

Tibialcalcaneal
Tibialnavicular
Anterior & Posterior Tibiotalar

Question 20

ligaments on lateral side of ankle

lateral side is weaker and injured more often

Answer 20

Anterior talofibular (ATF)
Calcaneofibular (CF)
Posterior talofibular (PTF)

Question 21

TC joint loose packed position

Answer 21

10 degrees of plantar flexion.

Question 22

TC joint close packed position

Answer 22

full dorsiflexion. at this point there is max congruency of articular surfaces due to the wedge shape of it.

Question 23

Subtalar (ST) joint
aka talocalcaneal joint
(bones, joint type, and DOF)

Answer 23

between the talus and calcaneus
type: gliding joint
DOF = 1

Question 24

primary role of the subtalar (ST) joint

Answer 24

to transfer motion from the transverse motion of leg to frontal plane motion of foot (and vice versa)

Question 25

subtalar (ST) joint main movements and axis (triplanar but only 1 axis)

Answer 25

42 degree shift in sagittal plane 16 degree shift in transverse plane *Evert (10-20)/invert (20-30) and ABD/ADD majority.

Question 26

subtalar linkage (tibia and forefoot)

Answer 26

It is the hinge (42 degrees) so rotation at one affects rotation at the other. example: collapse of medial arch causes tibia to internally rotate.

Question 27

OKC (open kinetic chain) | Pronation

Answer 27

Sagittal: Calc DF Frontal: Calc EV Transverse: Calc ABd Lower leg: ER

Question 28

OKC (open kinetic chain) | Supination

Answer 28

Sagittal: Calc PF Frontal: Calc IN Transverse: Calc ADD Lower leg: IR

Question 29

CKC (close kinetic chain) | Pronation

Answer 29

Sag: Talar PF Front: Calc EV Trans: Talar ADD Lower leg: IR

Question 30

CKC (close kinetic chain) | Supination

Answer 30

Sag: Talar DF Front: Calc IN Trans: Talar ABd Lower leg: ER

Question 31

Transverse tarsal joint (TTJ) aka midtarsal joint (bones, DOF)

Answer 31

* divides hindfoot from midfoot. Some motion in response to subtalar motion. - talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints. talus on navicular and calcaneus on cuboids.

Question 32

TTJ has 2 axis

Answer 32

Longitudinal (15 degrees superior and 9 degrees medial) Oblique (52 degrees superior and 57 degrees medially)

Question 33

The only joint that is a true pronator/supinator of the foot is?

Answer 33

TTJ. aka midtarsal.

Question 34

function of arches

Answer 34

load bearing and shock absorption. | aids in mobility and stability of the foot.

Question 35

Windlass affect mechanism

Answer 35

Occurs during push off. the MTP becomes extended, winding up the springs (intrinsic muscles) of the arch. *MTP extended...pulls arch together... helps maintain arch and rigidity of foot*

Question 36

T/F at least one muscle of the foot crosses/acts on only 1 joint?

Answer 36

FALSE | all cross/act on at least 2 joints or joint complexes.

Question 37

Why is there a simultaneous action on the ankle and subtalar joints?

Answer 37

b/c no muscles attach to the talus.

Question 38

Dorsiflexors of the ankle. | along with what nerve

Answer 38

Tib Ant Ex. digitorum longus Ex. hallucis longus Fibularis tertius *deep fibular (peroneal) nerve

Question 39

Plantarflexors of the ankle. | and what nerve.

Answer 39

Gastroc Soleus Plantaris *tibial nerve

Question 40

Evertors of ankle. | Nerve?

Answer 40

Fibularis longus and brevis *superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve

Question 41

Invertors of ankle. | Nerve?

Answer 41

Tib posterior Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus *tibial nerve