Kinesiology Test Review

Question 1

Gravity is the most _____ _____.

Answer 1

Ubiquitous force

Question 2

Scalar quantities

Answer 2

speed, mass

indicates magnitude only

Question 3

Vector quantities

Answer 3

Velocity, weight

indicates magnitude and direction

Question 4

Rotational work

Answer 4

T X angular displacement

Question 5

Mechanical Advantage

Answer 5

A ratio of the effort arm to the resistance arm
MA = EA/RA
A mechanical advantage of <1 reflects a relative disadvantage

Question 6

Levers are meant to…

Answer 6

multiply force to gain mechanical advantage or to multiply speed and range of motion

Question 7

Impulse momentum theorem

Force over a little period of time=

Answer 7

Greater impact

Question 8

Impulse momentum theorem

Force spread over a large period of time=

Answer 8

Less impact

Question 9

Equilibrium

Answer 9

ability to maintain balance

Question 10

how many bones are in the body?

Answer 10

206 bones

Question 11

How many vertebrae are there?

Answer 11

33 total

Question 12

Joint stability is inversely related to joint…

Answer 12

ROM, Mobility, Flexibility

Question 13

The more ROM, Mobility, and flexibility a joint has…

Answer 13

the less stable it is

Question 14

Frontal plane movement

Answer 14

anterioposterior axis of rotation

Question 15

saggital plane movement

Answer 15

transverse rotational axis

Question 16

horizontal plane movement

Answer 16

longitudinal axis

Question 17

Porperties of muscle tissue

Answer 17

extensible
elastic
irritable
contractile
adaptable

Question 18

Flat muscle

Answer 18

Parallel muscle
thin, broad, originating from a broad, fibrous, sheet-like aponeurosis that allows them to spread their force over a large area.
Example: rectus abdominus and external oblique

Question 19

Fusiform muscle

Answer 19

parallel
spindle shaped with a central belly that tapers to the tendons on each end
Example: brachialis and brachioradialis

Question 20

Strap Muscle

Answer 20

parallel
more uniform in diameter with all of their fibers arranged in a long parallel manner.
example: Sartorius

Question 21

Radiate muscle

Answer 21

parallel
triangular, fan-shaped, or convergent. Combined fiber arrangement of flat and fusiform muscle.
Example: pectoralis major and trapezius

Question 22

Unipennate muscle fibers

Answer 22

run obliquely in relation to their tendon on only one side

Example: biceps femoris and tibialis post

Question 23

Bipennate muscle fibers

Answer 23

fibers run obliquely on both sides of a central tendon

Example: rectus femoris and hallucis longus

Question 24

Multipennate muscle fibers

Answer 24

have several tendons with fibers arranged obliquely

Example: deltoid

Question 25

Which pennate muscle fibers produce the strongest contraction?

Answer 25

Bipennate and unipennate

Question 26

Smallest functional unit within a muscle fiber?

Answer 26

sarcomere

Question 27

Motor unit

Answer 27

consists of alpha motor neuron and the associated muscle fibers that it intervates.

Question 28

What determines the muscle fiber type, characteristics, function, and involvement in exercise?

Answer 28

The motor unit

Question 29

Neuromuscular Junction NMJ

Answer 29

The interface between the nerve and the skeletal muscle

Question 30

Maximal strength and power increase of agonist muscles generally result from an increase in...

Answer 30

recruitment, rate of firing, synchronization of firing, or a combination of these factors

Question 31

Size principle

Answer 31

Motor units are recruited in order according to their recruitment threshold and firing rates

Question 32

Selective Recruitment

Answer 32

Lower threshold motor units are inhibited to allow preferential recruitment for fast twitch motor units. Occur in certain circumstances

Question 33

Cross innervation

Answer 33

one muscle fiber can be innervated by two neurons

Question 34

bilateral deficit

Answer 34

force produced when both limbs are contracting together is less than the sum of the forces they produce when contracting unilaterally Example: cycling

Question 35

Concontraction

Answer 35

Muscle activity of the antagonist during agonist movements. | Mechanism to increase joint stability

Question 36

twitch

Answer 36

brief rapid contraction of a muscle

Question 37

tetanus

Answer 37

multiple electrical impulses must be sent in sequence until it increases to tetanus where tension in the muscle is sustained

Question 38

What dictates muscle fiber types?

Answer 38

Neuron

Question 39

Rate coding

Answer 39

increasing or decreasing the frequency of motor neuron activity

Question 40

recruitment patterns

Answer 40

motor unit recruitment patterns calls upon different numbers or motor units within the muscle

Question 41

Size order principle of motor unit recruitment

Answer 41

generally slow twitch fibers are recruited first due to their lower activation threshold than fast twitch motor units

Question 42

Pre-movement Silence

Answer 42

A positive adaptation seen in trained individuals, wherein just prior to explosive movement, all neuronal imput ceases. This readies the motor units so they can be fired simultaneously