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Year 9 Chemistry > Kinetic Theory > Flashcards

Kinetic Theory Flashcards

1
Q

The states of matter:

At any given temperature all substances exist in one of these states of matter

A

Solid, liquid or gas

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2
Q

How can the differences between solids, liquids and gases be explained

A

By looking at the particles

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3
Q

What are all substances made up of

A

Particles

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4
Q

These particles are………to each other, some particles are………………to each other and others…….

A

The particles are attracted to each other. Some particles are attracted strongly to each other, and others weakly.

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5
Q

What do the particles do

A

Move around

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6
Q

What type of energy do particles have

A

Kinetic energy

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7
Q

What happens to the kinetic energy of the particles with temperature

A

It increases with temperature

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8
Q

Properties of solids

A

Shape- fixed
Volume - fixed
Particle movement - vibrate from side to side
Forces of attraction between particles - strong
Particle energy - low energy
Examples (at room temperature) - wood, pencil

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9
Q

Properties of liquids

A

Shape- takes the shape of the container
Volume - fixed
Particle movement - move around each other
Forces of attraction between particles - fairly strong
Particle energy - medium energy
Examples (at room temperature) - Water

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10
Q

Properties of gases

A

Shape- fills the entire container
Volume - no fixed volume
Particle movement - random in all directions
Forces of attraction between particles - weak
Particle energy - lots of energy
Examples (at room temperature) - air, oxygen, carbon dioxide

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11
Q

Changes of state:

Solid to liquid

A

Melting

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12
Q

Changes of state:

Liquid to solid

A

Freezing

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13
Q

Changes of state:

Liquid to gas

A

Evaporating

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14
Q

Changes of state:

Gas to liquid

A

Condensing

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15
Q

Some materials will change directly from a gas to a solid without going through the liquid phase e.g. carbon dioxide and iodine. The change of state from a gas directly to a solid is known as what

A

Sublimation

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16
Q

When does evaporation occur

A

When the particles in a liquid escape to form a vapour

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17
Q

What temperature can evaporation take place at

A

At any temperature but it occurs most rapidly at a liquids boiling point

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18
Q

When evaporation occurs why does the temperature of the liquid fall

A

Because the particles that escape take some energy from the remaining particles

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19
Q

Evaporation is another method of what

A

Heat transfer

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20
Q

When can you feel a heat change (evaporation)

A

You can feel an energy change as you stand wet and shivering at the side of a swimming pool. As the liquid on your body evaporates, it takes the energy it needs from your skin and you feel cold.

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21
Q

Not all………..evaporate at the same rate

A

Liquids

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22
Q

Not all liquids evaporate at the same rate experiment, observations and conclusion:

A

Liquid- water
Does it feel cool- yes
How quickly does it evaporate from your finger - slowly

Liquid - oil
Does it feel cool - no
How quickly does it evaporate from your finger - it doesn’t cool your finger, you have to wipe it off

Liquid - ethanol
Does it feel cool - yes, it was the coldest
How quickly does it evaporate from your finger - fast

Conclusion - not all liquids evaporate at the same rate

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23
Q

The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid is called its what

A

Melting point (freezing point)

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24
Q

What is the melting point of pure water

A

0 degrees

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25
The temperature of which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas is called its what
Boiling point
26
The boiling point of pure water is what
100 degrees
27
Different materials have different what
Melting and boiling points
28
A measurement of melting or boiling points can be used to determine what
The properties of a substance
29
Room temperature is what
20 degrees
30
A solid has a melting point above what
20 degrees
31
A liquid has a melting point of what but a boiling point of what
A liquid has a melting point below 20 degrees but a boiling point above 20 degrees
32
A gas has a melting and boiling point of what
Melting point and boiling point below 20 degrees
33
What state is water at 25 degrees
Liquid
34
What state is water at 300 degrees
Gas
35
What state is water at -100 degrees
Solid
36
What state is water at 67 degrees
Liquid
37
What state is water at -25 degrees
Solid
38
What state is water at 116 degrees
Gas
39
What state is a substance at room temperature if it melts at 15 degrees and boils at 37 degrees
Liquid
40
What state is a substance at room temperature if it melts at 70 degrees and boils at 115 degrees
Solid
41
What state is a substance at room temperature if it melts at -33 degrees and boils at 10 degrees
Gas
42
What state is a substance at room temperature if it melts at 10 degrees and boils at 18 degrees
Gas
43
What state is a substance at room temperature if it melts at 189 degrees and boils at 1089 degrees
Solid
44
What state is a substance at room temperature if it melts at -66 degrees and boils at 66 degrees
liquid
45
What state is a substance at room temperature if it melts at 0 degrees and boils at 88 degrees
Liquid
46
What state is a substance at room temperature if it melts at 30 degrees and boils at 230 degrees
Solid
47
What state is a substance at room temperature if it melts at -125 degrees and boils at 15 degrees
Gas
48
Studying temperature changes over a period of time ( what happens to a block of ice when you put a Bunsen underneath it): why do plateaus occur
The two flat regions (plateaus) occur because any heat energy put in is used to weaken the forces of attraction between the particles for some time (instead of heating the substance) so the overall temperature of the container does not increase.
49
Studying temperature changes over a period of time ( what happens to a block of ice when you put a Bunsen underneath it): Just like heating curves, cooling curves have horizontal flat parts where what happens
Where the state changes from the gas to liquid or from liquid to solid
50
Studying temperature changes over a period of time ( what happens to a block of ice when you put a Bunsen underneath it): What happens at the melting and boiling point
The temperature stays the same as energy goes into separating the particles
51
Why do plateaus in cooling curves occur
Because any heat energy is given out as forces of attraction between the particles is set up, so the overall temp of the container does not decrease
52
Dissolving and diffusion: | What is a solute
A solids that dissolves in a solvent
53
Dissolving and diffusion: | What is a solvent
A liquid that dissolves in a solute
54
Dissolving and diffusion: | What is a solution
The mixture formed when a solute dissolves and mixes fully with a solvent.
55
Dissolving and diffusion: | Solute + solvent ---->
Solution
56
Dissolving and diffusion: | Eg of solute + solvent ----> solution
Coffee granules + hot water ----> cup of instant coffee
57
Dissolving and diffusion: | What happens when a solute dissolves
It does not disappear, the particles simply mixes with the particles of the solvent
58
Dissolving and diffusion: | Is calcium carbonate soluble in water
No because the calcium carbonate and water particles are not able to mix
59
Dissolving and diffusion: | Is copper sulphate soluble in water
Yes because copper sulphate and water particles are able to interact and mix together
60
What can mass not be
Created or destroyed, it can only be changed from one form into another
61
Dissolving and diffusion: | What is diffusion
Diffusion is the random movement of particles, when particles diffuse, they spread out and mix with other particles
62
Dissolving and diffusion: | Give an example of diffusion
the smell of perfume can be detected by people on the other side of a room because the perfume particles diffuse in the air
63
What is the second definition of diffusion
Diffusion is the random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. The particles mix with other particles.
64
Why do particles in liquids and gases diffuse easily
Because they are free to move around, however, it is possible for solids to diffuse as well
65
Diffusion of bromine review
When the cover slip that separates the two gases is removed, the brown gas spreads to fill the two containers easily
66
Why will particles of a gas diffuse faster
The gas particles are moving around faster than the particles in a liquid because they have more energy. This means that the gas particles will spread out more quickly.
67
Expansion and contraction: | When we increase a materials temperatures what do we do to its particles
When we increase a material’s temperature, we increase the energy of its particles and the material will expand, regardless of whether it is a solid, a liquid or a gas
68
Expansion and contraction: | Expansion in solids
COLD - particles are sitting at room temperature and vibrating side by side HOT - when the solid is heated, the particles vibrate more vigorously and nudge each other out of the way. The structure physically becomes bigger
69
Expansion and contraction: | Why do solids expand on heating
Solids expand on heating because the more heat energy there is in the solid, the faster its particles will vibrate and they push their neighbours further away.
70
Expansion and contraction: | Give an example of a problem caused when materials (a bridge) which are expanding and contracting occur
Bridges expand in the summer heat and need special joints to stop them bending out of shape
71
Expansion and contraction: | What happens to the particles in a liquid when they are heated
They move around each other more and take up more room.
72
Expansion and contraction: | How does a thermometer work
By expansion and contraction of the liquid inside it
73
It is important to remember that it is the spaces between the particles that change size during expansion and contraction, the particles remain the same size.
WAS JUST A HELPFUL NOTE
74
What is the definition of a heating curve
Graph to show temperature changes of a substance on heating
75
What is the definition of a cooling curve
Graph to show temperature changes of a substance on cooling
76
Definition of temperature
The amount of thermal energy that a material possesses
77
Definition of kinetic theory
Describes the arrangement and movement of particles in solids, liquids and gases
78
Definition of expansion
When the particles in a substance spread out - ie. The spaces between particles increases
79
Dissolving and diffusion: | Is calcium carbonate soluble in water
No because the calcium carbonate and water particles are not able to mix
80
Dissolving and diffusion: | Is copper sulphate soluble in water
Yes because copper sulphate and water particles are able to interact and mix together
81
What can mass not be
Created or destroyed, it can only be changed from one form into another
82
Dissolving and diffusion: | What is diffusion
Diffusion is the random movement of particles, when particles diffuse, they spread out and mix with other particles
83
Dissolving and diffusion: | Give an example of diffusion
the smell of perfume can be detected by people on the other side of a room because the perfume particles diffuse in the air
84
What is the second definition of diffusion
Diffusion is the random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. The particles mix with other particles.
85
Why do particles in liquids and gases diffuse easily
Because they are free to move around, however, it is possible for solids to diffuse as well
86
Diffusion of bromine review
When the cover slip that separates the two gases is removed, the brown gas spreads to fill the two containers easily
87
Why will particles of a gas diffuse faster
The gas particles are moving around faster than the particles in a liquid because they have more energy. This means that the gas particles will spread out more quickly.
88
Expansion and contraction: | When we increase a materials temperatures what do we do to its particles
When we increase a material’s temperature, we increase the energy of its particles and the material will expand, regardless of whether it is a solid, a liquid or a gas
89
Expansion and contraction: | Expansion in solids
COLD - particles are sitting at room temperature and vibrating side by side HOT - when the solid is heated, the particles vibrate more vigorously and nudge each other out of the way. The structure physically becomes bigger
90
Expansion and contraction: | Why do solids expand on heating
Solids expand on heating because the more heat energy there is in the solid, the faster its particles will vibrate and they push their neighbours further away.
91
Expansion and contraction: | Give an example of a problem caused when materials (a bridge) which are expanding and contracting occur
Bridges expand in the summer heat and need special joints to stop them bending out of shape
92
Expansion and contraction: | What happens to the particles in a liquid when they are heated
They move around each other more and take up more room.
93
Expansion and contraction: | How does a thermometer work
By expansion and contraction of the liquid inside it
94
It is important to remember that it is the spaces between the particles that change size during expansion and contraction, the particles remain the same size.
WAS JUST A HELPFUL NOTE
95
What is the definition of a heating curve
Graph to show temperature changes of a substance on heating
96
What is the definition of a cooling curve
Graph to show temperature changes of a substance on cooling
97
Definition of temperature
The amount of thermal energy that a material possesses
98
Definition of kinetic theory
Describes the arrangement and movement of particles in solids, liquids and gases
99
Definition of expansion
When the particles in a substance spread out - ie. The spaces between particles increases
100
Experiment: sublimation of a white solid powder: | Method
Place a small spatula of white solid into a boiling tube. Gently heat the solid at the top of a roaring Bunsen flame
101
Experiment: sublimation of a white solid powder: | Results
The solid doesn't melt, however there was no solid left at the end. The solid changed directly into a gas. This is known as sublimation
102
Experiment: sublimation of a white solid powder: | Conclusion
The white solid changes directly from a solid to a gas without going through the liquid phase. This is known as sublimation
103
What will diffuse faster, the particles of a gas or a liquid
Gas
104
Increasing the temperature of gas does what to its particles and what does this cause the gas to do
Increases the energy of its particles and it causes the gas to expand
105
Decreasing the temperature does what to its particles
Decreases the energy of its particles causing it to contract
106
Changing the volume of a gas: | What does the volume of a gas depend on
It depends on the temperature and pressure of the gas
107
Changing the volume of a gas: | Increasing the temperature of a gas will do what to its volume
Increase the volume
108
Changing the volume of a gas: | Increasing the pressure of a gas will do what to its volume
decrease its volume

Year 9 Chemistry (6 decks)

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