Kinetics & Organic Chemistry Flashcards by 9J Lucy Trainer

What happens to a reaction if the concentration is higher?

Higher - more particles collide - faster reaction

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What happens to a reaction if the pressure is higher?

Higher - more particles closer together - more collisions - faster reaction

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What happens to a reaction if the surface area is bigger?

Bigger - more particles exposed at once - faster reaction as more can react at once

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What happens to a reaction if the temperature increases?

Higher - more activation energy - particles move faster - more collisions - faster reaction

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What does a catalyst do and how does it work?

It speeds up a reaction without being used up as it lowers the activation energy by providing an alternative pathway.

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What is activation energy?

Minimum energy required to break bonds or for the particles react.

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Functional group

The atom or group of atoms that are responsible for most of the chemical reactions of a molecule

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Homologous series

A family of compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties

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Hydrocarbon definition

Molecule containing hydrogen and carbon atoms only

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Hydrogenation definition

Addition of hydrogen

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Saturated

Molecule containing no double bonds

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Stereoisomers definition

Molecules with the same molecular and structural formulae but different spatial arrangement of atoms

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Geometric isomers definition

A type of stereoisomerism - molecules which have different arrangement of groups around C=C

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Structural isomers

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures

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Chain isomers definition

Type of structural isomerism - structural isomer that differ by having a different carbon chain

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Position isomers definition

Type of structural isomerism - structural isomers that differ by having the functional group in a different position

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Functional group isomers definition

Type of structural isomerism - Structural isomers that differ by having a different functional group (has same molecular formula but different name)

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Unsaturated definition

Molecule containing double bond(s)

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Substitution reaction definition

Reaction where an atom/group replaces another atom/group

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1 carbon atom

Meth

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2 carbon atoms

Eth

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3 carbon atoms

Prop

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4 carbon atoms

But

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5 carbon atoms

Pent

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6 carbon atoms

Hex

Alkane | -suffix

- ane | - normal carbon and hydrogen atoms

Alkene | - suffix

- ene | - a double carbon bond

Halogenoalkane | - prefix

- fluro - chloro - bromo - iodo | - normal carbon and hydrogen with one other element

Alcohol | - prefix and suffix

- hydroxy and ol | - normal hydrogen abs carbon and a OH

Aldehyde | - suffix

- al | - double O bond on end

Ketone | -prefix abs suffix

- oxo and one | - double o bond in middle

Carboxylic acid | - suffix

- oic acid | - double O bond and OH

Nitrile | - suffix

- nitrile | - triple nitrogen bond

Amine | - prefix and suffix

- amino and amine | - nitrogen with 2 hydrogens

Acyl chloride | - suffix

- oyl chloride | - double O bond with chlorine

Acid anhydride | - suffix

- oic anhydride | - one O in middle and two double O either side

Ester | - suffix

- oate | - one O and one double O

Amide | - suffix

- amide | - one double O and one nitrogen

Molecular formula definition

How many of each element (C2H6)

Empirical formula definition

Molecular formula simplifies (C2H6 - CH3)

General formula for alkanes

CnH2n+2

Structural formula definition

CH3CH2CH3

Displayed formula definition

Drawing out each element

Skeletal formula definition

Lines

How to draw geometric isomers

- draw displayed formula on angles so is clear which geometric isomers it is (opposite or together)

Two types of geometric isomers

- Opposite “Entgagen” (put E in front of name to distinguish which displayed formula it is) - Together “Zuzammen” (put Z in front of name)

Things on Maxwell Boltzmann curve

- most probable energy - average energy - area under graph will always be the same as particle number

Which particles react on Maxwell Boltzmann curve ?

Only the particles that posses at least the activation energy are able to react

Cooler temp on MB curve

Particles have less energy so so curve is taller sooner and lower faster

Hotter temp on MB curve

Means particles have more energy so curve is wider and shorter throughout

Why does MB curve flatten and move to right when temp is increased?

Particles have higher energy so less particles needed

Catalyst abs MB curve

- fraction of particles with energy increases then decreases and energy increases

Why is there an additional number of particles that can react when the MB curve has a catalyst?

The value of the activation energy is lowered by the catalyst so more particles can react but the distribution curve doesn’t change.

What are the two forms of catalyst?

- Homogeneous catalysts (same phase) | - Heterogeneous catalysts (different phase)

Optical Isomers definition

Different arrangements of 4 different groups about a central C atom in a molecule - non identical mirror images

Possible differences of optical isomers

- rotate plane polarised light in opposite directions | - one may be biologically active; the other not

What is a 50:50 mixture of optical isomers called?

Racemate or racemic mixture (has no effect on plane polarised light)

What is a type of optical isomers?

Enantisomers

Enantisomer definition

- have same chemical physical properties as each other | - interact differently with plane polarised light

Molecular formula definition

Formula that gives the actual number of atoms of each element in one molecule

Empirical formula definition

Formula that gives simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

How to work out empirical formula

- write out mass or percentage of each element - divide by the Ar of element not the Mr - find simplest whole number ratio or these numbers by dividing by the smallest number - if the value comes out as near 1/2’s then times them by 2, if they are near 1/3’s then times by 3

Percentage yield calculation

Actual yield/ theoretical yield x 100%

What are the two stages of a percentage yield problem?

- work out what you would get is the yield was 100% | - use this figure to calculate the actual percentage

Factors of Atom economy

- No atoms are gained or lost in the reaction - some stones in reactants may not end up in the desired product - they form other products so are regarded as by products

Atom economy definition

The measure of the amount of starting materials that end up as useful products

Why is it important to use reactions with high atom economy?

Sustainable development | Economic reasons

Atom economy calculation

total Mr of the product / total Mr of all reactants x 100%

Kinetics & Organic Chemistry Flashcards

(68 cards)