Kingdom of animals Flashcards
(264 cards)
1
Q
T/F are all animal groups heterotrophic
A
True
2
Q
what are the characteristics of heterotrophic?
A
consume food in energy
they are multicellular
Diploid 2N
Haploid present during sexual reproduction
3
Q
what are types of hetertorphy?
A
Carnivores
herbivores
omnivores
parasite
4
Q
what is a carnivores?
A
eat meat
5
Q
what is a herbivore?
A
eat plants
6
Q
what is a omnivore?
A
they eat everything and anything
7
Q
what is a parasite?
A
prokaryotes and eukaryotes (macro parasite: tic - suck from the host
8
Q
what is the metabolic rate?
A
rate of energy consumption
8
Q
what is the metabolic rate?
A
rate of energy consumption
9
Q
what does basic metabolic rate do?
A
give energy needed for cell maintenance, breathing, heart beating, and body temperature regulation
10
Q
Most animals have what?
A
muscle and nervous tissue, haploid gametes for sexual reproduction and are mobile at least at some life stage
11
Q
what is terrestrial environment?
A
movement must overcome force of gravity
12
Q
what body structure is common in terrestrial environments?
A
strong limbs to support body off ground and designed to overcome gravity rather then drag
13
Q
what is aquatic environment?
A
movement must overcome force of drag
14
Q
what body structure is common in aquatic environments?
A
Fusiform body shape: tube-shaped body tapered at both ends
15
Q
what is the fastest animal on land?
A
cheetah
16
Q
what is the fastest animal in the water?
A
shorfin mako shark
17
Q
T/F: it is easier to move on land compared to water
A
True
18
Q
T/F: The more complex the animal is the higher they are in organization
A
True
organism, systems, organs, tissues, cells
19
Q
what are the 4 types of animal tissues?
A
connective tissue
epithelial tissue
muscle tissue
nervous tissue
20
Q
what are organs?
A
groups of tissues organized into organs with specific functions
21
Q
what are systems?
A
coordinated activities of multiple organs
22
Q
what do systems do?
A
organ systems are dependent on each other and work together to support organism
23
Q
what are examples of systems?
A
breathing
moving
growth, protection from disease
reproduction
24
what does homeostasis do?
temperature control
PH balance
water/solute balance
oxygen
25
what is thermoregulation
optimal temperature important for body processes
26
what happens if thermoregulation temperature is too high?
proteins denature
27
what happens if thermoregulation is too low?
enzymes slow down
28
what is endotherms
maintains consistent body temperature different from enviorment
29
what is ectotherms
absorb/ release heat to enviorment
30
what is poikilotherm
body temperature can vary over broad range
31
what is homeotherm
body temperature relatively constant
32
T/F: all animals share a common ancestor
True
33
what is cleavage?
after fertilization creates zygote, rapid cell division
34
what does cleavage lead too?
it leads to multicellular, hollow blastula
35
Blastula develops into what?
it develops into gastrula with different layers of embryonic tissues
36
what does blastopore do?
it connects the archenteron to exterior of gastrula
37
asymmetry examples
sponges
38
radial symmetry
starfish
39
bilateral symmetry
human
40
what is Ectoderm?
germ layer covering the embryos surface
41
what is endoderm?
innermost germ layer lines developing digestive tube
42
what is mesoderm?
located in between endoderm and ectoderm forms specialized tissues
43
What are the characteristics of diploblastic animals?
ectoderma and endoderm only
44
examples of diploblastic animals
cnidarians and ctenophores
45
what are triploblastic animals
Ecotderm,endoderm, and mesoderm
46
examples of triploblastic animals?
all bilateral animals (humans)
47
what are body cavities?
fluid filled opening between digestive cavity and outer body wall
48
what are coelom?
true body cavity derived from mesoderm
49
what are functions of body cavities?
cushions organs
acts like a skeleton against which muscles can work.
enables internal organs to grow and move separate of out body walll
50
what are functions of body cavities?
cushions organs
acts like a skeleton against which muscles can work.
enables internal organs to grow and move separate of out body wall
51
what are functions of body cavities?
cushions organs
acts like a skeleton against which muscles can work.
enables internal organs to grow and move separate of out body wall
52
animals can be categorized as what?
Protostome developmental or deuterostome development
53
what differs from the animals development?
cleavage
coelom formation
fate of blastopre
54
what is the cleavage for protostome?
cleavage is spiral and determinate.
fate of embryonic cell determines early in development
55
what is cleavage ins deuterostome?
cleavage is radial and indeterminate.
each cell retains capacity to develop into complete embryo.
makes possible identical twins and embryonic stem cell
56
what is the coelom formation for protostome?
coelom formed splitting solid masses of mesoderm
57
what is the coelom formation for deuterostome?
coelom forms from mesoderm buds from wall of archenteron
58
what is the fate of the blastopore end result of protostome?
blastopore becomes a mouth
59
what is the fate of the blastopore end result of deuterostome?
blastopore becomes an anus
60
what are development genes
they regulate gene expression during development
61
what are hox genes
most animals have unique family of developmental genes.
regulate development of body form.
has been highly conserved but products variety of morphologies
62
larval stage is what?
sexually immature does not look like adults
63
Juvenile stage is what?
resembles adult but not sexually mature
64
what is adult?
reproductive stage of life cycle
65
what is metamorphosis stage?
transition to juvenile stage
66
which animal commonly goes through metamorphosis stage?
insects
67
what is incomplete metamorphosis?
young nymphs resemble small adults, go through series of molts until reach full size.
68
what happens in the final stage of incomplete metamorphosis?
after final molt, wings develop. becomes sexually active
69
what is complete metamorphosis?
larval form looks entirely different from the adult stage
70
what is the final form of complete metamorphosis?
metamorphosis from larva to adult occurs during a pupal stage
71
what is direct development?
the fertilized eggs develops into a juvenile without passing through a larval stage
72
what is the super group of kingdom animals?
opisthokonta
73
what are choanoflagellates
morphological and molecular evidence points to a group of protists
74
what is the closest living relative to animals?
choanoflagellates
75
what is the earliest animal fossil?
ediacaran period
76
what do primitive fossils appear like?
they appear to be small, sponge-like creatures, irregularly shaped with internal tube or canals
77
what do the fossils of the Ediacaran biota look like?
most soft-bodies, but spicules identified in early sponges. they exhibited radial symmetry
78
what characteristics do bilaterians have?
bilaterally symmetric form, complete one-way digestive tract
79
what are examples of bilaterians?
early forms of echinoderms, mollusks, worms, arthropods and chordates
80
what are the most abundant and wispread animals?
trilobites
81
what is the hypotheses for cambrian explosion?
environmental changes more suitable.
increased oxygen levels.
increased calcium.
continental shelf with lots of habitat.
New community interaction - coevolution.
evolution of Hox gene and new RNAs involved in gene regulation.
82
what is cystoidea
extinct lineage of echinoderms
83
what is ordovician
plants begin to transition to land
84
what animal first colonized on land?
arthropods = euthycarcinoids
85
what happened during the paleozoic era?
supported development of new adaptation to terrestrial life.
diversification as species exposed to new environments.
86
what is external environment?
surrounding organism
87
what is internal environment?
where cells live
88
what happens during internal exchange?
Movement of water and materials into cells.
Exchange of water and materials between blood and body cells goes through interstitial fluid.
89
what is interstitial fluid?
fluid surrounding the cell
90
What exchange happens during external exchange?
take in oxygen, water and food.
Release carbon dioxide, urine, feces, heat, sweat
91
what are the adaptations with internal organs?
many internal structures now have branches and folded surfaces.
92
what is regulator?
internal control mechanisms maintain conditions different from the enviorment
93
what is conformer?
allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes
94
what where the environments like during the mesozoic era?
warm and stable climatic conditions of the ensuing mesozoic era promoted an explosive diversification of dinosaurs into every conceivable niche in land, air and water
95
what were the characteristics during the mesozoic era
Relatively small
diversification of plants
coevolution of plant and animals
complex trophic structures between producers and consumers.
96
what are the adaptations of the mammals in the cenozoic era?
increased in size
exploited vacated ecological niches in terrestrial and marine environments.
97
what are the adaptations of the bird from the cenozoic era?
descendants of dinosaurs
took advantage of flight and exploited open aerial niches.
98
what are invertebrates?
animals without backbones; Arthropods
99
what are examples of arthropods?
insects, crustaceans
100
what does it mean that invertebrates are ectotherms?
Regulate body temperature through environment.
they have greater tolerance for variation in body temperature than endotherms
101
what is an example of phylum porifera?
sponges
102
what are characteristics of phylum porifera?
lack tissue
sedentary
marine and freshwater
filter feeders
103
Phylum porifera are considered what sexaully?
Sequential hermaphroditism: function first as one sez and then as the other
104
what is a spicules?
most sponges are supported by small bone-like structure
105
what do spicules provide?
they provide support for the body of the sponge, and may also deter predation
106
what are the characteristics of the phylum cnidaria?
diversified into range of sessile and motile forms.
diploblastic, radial body plan
carnivores: Nematocysts = specialized organelles within tentacles eject a stinging thread
107
what are the basic body plans for phylum cnidaraia?
basic body plan is a sac with central digestive compartment = gastrovascular cavity
108
What variation of body plans does the phylum cnidaria have?
Sessile polyp and motile medusa
109
what are the 2 major clades in the phylum cnidaria?
medusozoa and anthozoa
110
what is superphylum lophotrochozoa
some develop a lophophore for feeding, others pass through a trochophore larval stage and a few have neither feature
111
what are examples of lophotrochozoa
flatworms, rotifers, mollusc and annelids
112
what are flatworms?
free-living members live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats
113
what is an example of flatworms
tapeworms
114
what are ribbon worms?
Proboscis worm, common in marine benthic environments
115
what are rotifers?
they are small multicellular with specialized organ system
116
where do rotifers inhabit?
they inhabit freshwater, marine and damp soil
117
how do roifers reproduce?
they reproduce by parthenogenesis.
females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs. some species lack males entirely
118
where do molluscs inhabit?
fresh water and terrestrial
119
what are the characteristics of molluscs?
muscular foot, visceral mass and mantle
120
how do molluscs reproduce sexaully?
most have separate sexes with gonads in visceral mass.
Many are hermaphrodites
121
What are annelids characteristics?
coelomates with bodies composed of series of fused rings
122
what are the 2 major classes that annelids are divided in?
Class polychaeta (the polychaetes)
Class oligochaeta (the earthworms, leeches and their relatives)
123
what are the characteristics of superphylum ecdysozoa?
covered with cuticle (tough coat)
tough but flexible exoskeleton
124
what does the exoskeleton protect from for superphylum ecdysozoa?
water loss, predators and other dangers of the external environment
125
What are disadvantages of the exoskeleton of the superphylum ecdysozoa?
must be molted before individual inc. body size.
limits rate of growth.
invests energy in regenerating exoskeleton.
126
what happens to exoskeleton if the ecdysozoa increase in weight?
estimated doubling of body = 8x increase in weight.
limits overall size due to weight constraints
127
where do nematodes (roundworms) inhabit?
free-living species in aquatic habitats and soil and parasites in plants and animals
128
what are characteristics of nematodes?
have alimentary canal, lack circulatory system.
body wall muscles all longitudinal and contraction produces thrashing motion
129
How do humans contract trichinella spiralis?
parasite passed to humans from undercooked pork
130
what nematode do researchers use?
Caenorhabditis elegans: soild nematode
131
what are the characteristics of the arthropods?
segmented body, hard exoskeleton (Cuticle) and jointed appendages
132
what evolution have arthropods gone through?
evolution of segments created functionally united "body regions" specialized for feeding, walking, or swimming.
Diversity likely driven by changes in the sequence or regulation of existing hox genes.
133
explain the open circulatory system
hemolymph is circulated into the space surrounding the tissues and organs
134
what are the 4 major lineages that the arthropods consist of?
Chelicerates
Myriapods
Crustaceans
Hexapods
135
what are chelicerates?
clawlike feeding appendages
136
what were the earliest chelicerates?
eurypterids (water scorpions)
137
what are arachnids?
spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites
138
what are the characteristics of arachnids?
6 pairs of appendages: chelicerae, pedipalps, 4 pairs of walking legs.
Book lungs: respiratory organs
Production of silk from abdominal glands.
139
what are examples of myriapods?
millipedes and centipedes
140
what are millipedes?
eat decaying leaves, plant matter
2 pairs of legs/trunk segment
141
what are centipedes?
carnivores
1 pair leg/trunk segment
poison claws: to paralyze prey and aid in defense
142
what ae custaceans?
crabs, lobsters, shrimps, barnacles, isopods
143
where do crustaceans inhabit?
marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments
144
what are characteristics of crustaceans?
Highly specialized appendages
small crustaceans exchange gases through the cuticle.
larger crustaceans have gills
Most have separate male/ female.
some are hermaphrodites
145
what is the largest group of custaceans?
isopods and pill bugs
146
what is the biggest food source for crustaceans?
zooplankton
147
what are hexapoda?
enormous clade including insects and their relatives
148
where do hexapoda inhabit?
terrestrial habitat and freshwater
149
How do insects normally reporduce?
they reproduce sexually
150
what are superphylum deusterostomia?
sea stars and sea urchins
151
what are the superphylum deuterostomia?
Vertebrates are members of phylum chordata.
echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes.
152
what are echinoderms?
slow-moving or sessile marine animals
153
what are the characteristics of echinoderms?
thin epidermis covers and endoskeleton or hard calcareous plates.
unique water vascular system, a network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet to function in locomotion and feeding.
154
what is the common ancestor for chordata?
within deuterostomia clade
155
What are characteristics of chordata?
bilateral symmetry
possess body cavity
deuterostome developmental pathway
156
what two groups of invertebrates are chordates?
urochordates and cephalochordates
157
all chordates share what 5 characteristics?
Notochord
dorsal hollow nerve cord
post-anal tail
endostyle
pharyngeal slits
158
what is the function of the notochord
longitudinal, flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord. provides skeletal support, attachment point for muscles
159
what is the function of the dorsal hollow nerve cord?
develops into the central nervous system: brain and spinal cord
160
what is the function of the pharyngeal slits?
grooves from along outer surface of pharynx.
in aquatic organisms it realeases water taking in during feeding, suspension-feeding structures gill or jaw support, or parts of ear, tonsils, thyms gladnds in tetrapods
161
what do pharyngeal slits do in aquatic organisms?
in aquatic organisms it releases water taking in during feeding, suspension-feeding structures gill or jaw support, or parts of ear, tonsils, thymus glands in tetrapods
162
what is the function of muscular post-anal tail?
contains skeletal elements and muscles used for movement in aquatic species or balance, courting displays, and signaling in terrestrial species in many species, the tail is greatly reduced during embryonic development
163
what is the function of the endostyle?
strip of ciliated mucus-producing tissue in the floor of the pharynx
164
what happens with the food in the pharynx from the endostyle?
food particles trapped in the mucus are moved along the endostyle toward the gut. also produces substances similar to thyroid hormones and is homologous with the thyroid gland in vertebrates
165
what are the characteristics of the two invertebrate groups in chordata?
lack cranium and backbone
166
what are the 5 characteristics in tunicates?
tail
notochord
dorsal hollow nerve cord
pharynx with slits
pharynx with numerous slits
167
what is the sexual reproduction for tunicates?
Most are hermaphrodites.
larvae hatch from eggs inside of adult tunicate.
larval form is mobile stage of life cycle for most species.
168
what characteristic is a salp?
colonial tunicates use these to propel themselves as they move water through the pharyngeal slits for feeding
169
what is a sequential hermaphrodites?
younger female colonies fertilized by older male colonies
170
what is the life cycle of urochordata?
Larval stage is short; usually a few minutes or days.
171
how do urochordata go to adult stage?
the larvae attaches to substrate and metamorphoses into adult form.
adult body loses notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, post-anal tail.
172
what is suspension feeders?
retain pharyngeal slits and endostyle
173
what is the Lancelets name after?
bladelike body shape
174
what are lancelets known for?
marine suspension feeders
175
what characteristics do lancelets have?
chordate body plan as adults
176
what may have resembled a lancelets?
ancestral chordates
177
what are the function of hox genes in the lacelet?
Hox genes organize the vertebrate brain are expressed in lancelets nerve cord tip
178
what is the oldest know cephalochordate that is also extinct of this subphylum?
pikaia
179
what does pikaia resemble closely in the extant lancelet?
genus branchiostoma
180
what is the sister clade to cephalochordata?
vertebrates
181
what is the intermediate form between cephalochordates and vertebrates?
brain and eyes, lacked calcium
182
vertebrates evolved during which time period?
Cambrina period?
183
what are the characteristics of the subphylum vertebrata/Craniata?
bony, cartilaginous,or fibrous structure surrounding brain, jaw and facial bones
184
what are characteristics of the vertebrates?
enclose spinal cord and taken role of notochord
185
how many hox genes do vertebrates have?
2+ sets
186
how many hox genes do lancelets and tunicaes have?
1
187
what is job of the neural tube?
cells develop along the edge of neural tube of an embryo
188
what are the vertebrates distinct regions?
cranial, vagal, trunk, and sacral
189
what does the endoskeleton in the vertebrates do?
internal support structure
provides point of attachment in muscles
190
what does the endoskeleton in the vertebrates do?
internal support structure
provides point of attachment in muscles
strengthening of skeletal system critical for transition onto land.
growth can be continuous
191
what are endoskeletons made of?
bone and cartilage
192
what does the skeletal system and complex nervous system increase effectiveness of?
capturing food and evading predators
193
what are the characteristiscs of superclass agnatha: jawless fishes?
both groups lack jaws and paired appendages
194
what are examples of 2 jawless vertebrate lineages today?
Myxini: hagfish
petromyzontida: lampreys
195
what characteristics do hagfish have?
lack a true backbone
rudimentary vertebrae
196
what characteristics do lampreys have?
have true backbone
197
which phylogenetic analysis supports the hagfish and lampreys?
monophyletic group
198
what happens during the life cycle of hagfish?
retain notochord
199
where do hagfish inhabit?
marine; bottom-dwelling scavanger
200
why do hagfish produce slime?
to repel competitor and predators; some species shoot the slime at predators and clog gills
201
what are the characteristics of lampreys?
simple, vertebral elements made of cartilage from above notochord
202
where do lampreys inhabit?
marine and freshwater
all spawn in freshwater
203
How do parasites feed?
by clamping mouth onto live fish
204
what is the life cycle of free-living species?
feed as larvae for years, then mature, reproduce, and ide within a few days
205
what are gnathostomes?
vertebrates with jaws
206
what are the characteristics of eating gnathostomes?
jaws:hinged structure of cranium
grasps and tear food
likely derived from the first pair of gill arches supporting the gills of jawless fishes.
207
what are the body structure of gnathostomes?
paired fins with bony structures: thrust and steering controls.
208
how has the body strucutre of the gnathostomes improved?
capturing prey and avoidance of predators
209
what are additional features of gnathostomes?
genome duplication, including duplication of hox genes
210
what is an example of a gnathostomes?
shark, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, bird and mammals
211
what are chondrichthyans?
paired fins and skeletons composed of cartilage
212
what characteristics do chondrichthayns have?
moste are carnivores with adaptation associated with capturing prey.
sense of smell, vision
detection of electormagnetic fields
lateral line detects vibrations
213
what is osteichthyans?
animals with a bony endoskeleton
214
osteichthyes have specialized bone cells that do what?
the bone cells are osteocytes which produces calcium phosphate matrix
215
How do osteichthyes perform gas exchange?
by using their gills
216
how do osteichthyes stay buoyant?
they have swim bladder
217
what is an example of osteichthyans?
ray finned fishes (actinopterygii)
218
what are the characteristics of osteichthyans: lobe-fins (sarcopterygii)
fins are support by fleshy and lobed, supported by bone structure similar to limbs of early tetrapods
219
what are the 3 living lineages of the osteichthyans: Lobe-fins (sarcopterygii)?
Coelacanths (actinistia)
Lungfishes (dipnoi)
tetrapods
220
what are lobe-finned fish known for?
believed to be the first vertebrate to make transition to land
221
what is the first tetrapod: amphibian known for?
represent change in body structure to improve movement and gas exchange in terrestrial environment
222
what are the adaptation that tetrapod: gnathostome have gone through?
four limbs and feet with digis
Neck
Fusion of pelvic girdle to backbone
absence of gills
ears for detecting airborne sounds
223
what is the example for order urodela?
Salamanders: amphibians with tails
224
what is an example of orer anura?
frogs: lack tails
225
what is an example of order apoda?
caecilian: legless and nearly blind
226
what does amphibian mean?
metamorphosis of an aquatic larvae into a terrestrial adult
227
what is the larval stage of a frog?
aquatic herbivore with gills, lateral line and tail
228
what happens to a frog during metamorphosis?
develops legs, lungs, a pair of external eardrums, and a carnivorous digestive system
229
what happens to adult frogs?
they return to water to mate
230
what protect the embryo?
amniotes are tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted structure
231
what is an amnion?
encloses embryo in fluid-filled sac allows tetrapods to reproduce on land
232
what are the characteristics of the carboniferous period?
Allowed for expansion into drier habitats because reproduction no longer tied to water.
waterproof skin
accessory keratinized structure
Ventilation of lungs
233
what are the characteristics of the casineria spp. closest too?
similar to reptile and amphibian
234
what is the triassic period?
archosaurs became dominant group
235
characteristics or early reptiles?
carnivores and herbivores
provided care for eggs and offspring
remaining lineages include alligator and crocodiles birds.
236
what are examples of reptiles?
tuatara
devil lizard
pit viper
black breasted hill turtle
americal alligator
237
what are bony structures of reptiles?
legless reptiles have 4-legged ancestor
vestigial hip and leg bones
remnant structures from ancestors
238
what were the adaptations for terrestrial life?
thick, scaly skin
combination of keratin and waxy secretion
shelled eggs
ectothermic metabolism
239
what is normal reptile reproduction?
internal fertilization
calcaerous or leathery eggs
all reproduction occurs on land
alligators and crocodiles provide parent care in early stages.
240
what is the oldest known bird?
achaeopteryx
241
what are the derived characteristiscs of birds?
endothermic
adaptations for flight
242
what are flight benefits?
improved hunting and scavenging, escape from predators and migration
243
T/F: Can all birds fly?
false
244
What is bird reproduction?
birds generally display complex behaviors
fertilization is internal
eggs and the developing embryos inside must be kept warm.
both parents participate in care of egg and early life.
245
what are the characteristics of mammals?
Endothermy
hair and fat layer under skin for insulation
hair can also act as sensory organ
kidneys
efficient respiratory and circulatory system
large brain to body ratio
differentiated teeth
246
what are habits mammals do for their offspring?
extensive parental care
mammary glands produce milk
most are viviparous
Remain with parent several years after birth.
247
what are the types of mammals?
diverse foraging strategies
herbivory
carnivory
filter feeding
248
what are the 3 groups of mammals?
Monotremes
marsupials
Eutherians
249
what are monotremes?
egg-laying mammals
females lack nipples, secrete milk from glands on their bellies
250
what is an example of monotremes?
platypus
251
what is a marsupial?
when the embryo develops in the mothers uterus nourished by the placenta.
252
what is an example of a marsupial
koala
253
where are the 2/3 marsupials located?
Australia
254
what are Eutherians?
(placental Mammals)
young eutherians complete their embryonic development within a uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta.
255
what occurred during primate evolution?
earliest fossil indicated 85-65MYA
similar teeth and skeleton
first true primate date to 55MYA and is similar to lemurs.
anthropoids arose during oligocene ~40MYA.
256
what are derived characteristiscs of primates?
hand and feet adapted for grasping
flat nails instead of claws
lare brain, short jaw
forward-looking eyes closer together
fully opposable thumb
257
what is an example of a new world monkey?
spider monkey
all arboreal
prehensile or grasping tails in most species
258
what is example of an old world monkey?
macaque
arboreal and ground dwelllng
non-prehensile tail greatly reduced in many species
259
what is a non-human apes?
upright posture and loss of tail
260
what are some characteristics of humans?
upright posture and bipedal locomotion
larger brains capable of language and thought.
reduced jawbones and jaw muscles
short digestive tract
261
what are some characteristics of neanderthals?
thick-boned with a larger brain than modern humans.
buried their dead, made hunting tools
262
what is a homosapien?
oldest documented fossils of 2 homosapiens where found in ethiopa.
263
when did humans first arrive in the new world?
15,000 years ago
