Kingdom Plantae And Bryophytes

Question 1

Terrestrial adaptations of plants

Answer 1

All plants have cuticle layer
Many plants have structural specializations such as vascular tissue leading to roots and shoots

Question 2

Fungi Assisted with the move to land

Answer 2

Most plants have mycorrhizae, symbiotic fungi associated with their roots. Help with water and nutrient absorption

Question 3

Terrestrial adaptations of plants

Answer 3

Reproductive adaptions

Question 4

Reproductive Adaptations

Answer 4

Produce gametes in protective structures called gametangia, known as the gametangia, known as the gametophyte generation.
In plants the zygote develops into an embryo while still contained within the female parent.

Question 5

Gametangia

Answer 5

Reproductive adaptations

Question 6

Terrestrial adaptiontions

Answer 6

Cuticle

Question 7

Evolution of plants

Answer 7

4 major stages

Question 8

First stage

Answer 8

Development of a cuticle

Gametangia and sporangia because multicellular and surrounded by a sterile cell jacket
Zygotes developed into a multicellular embryo within parental tissues that originally surrounded the egg.

Question 9

Second stage

Answer 9

Diversification of vascular plants. Lycophytes and Pteridophytes

Question 10

Lycophyte

Answer 10

Has vascular tissue

Question 11

Pteridophytes

Answer 11

Has vascular tissue

Question 12

Third stage

Answer 12

Began with the origin of the seed ovule and pollen. (Gymnosperms)

Question 13

Fourth Stage

Answer 13

Emergence of flowers and fruits (ovary). (Angiosperms)

Question 14

Vessel elements

Answer 14

Special vascular tissue in the xylem in angiosperms and early gymnosperms

Question 15

Bryophytie

Answer 15

Mosses, liverworts and hornwarts

Question 16

Vascular seedless plants

Answer 16

Evolution of dominant sporophyte, vascular tissue

Question 17

Vascular seed plants

Answer 17

Evolution of seeds

Question 18

Bryophytes

Answer 18

Seedless non vascular plants

Question 19

Earliest plant fossils

Answer 19

400 million years old

Question 20

Seedless plants

Answer 20

Briophytes
Lycophytes
Pterophytes
Spore or clone

Question 21

Alternation of Generations

Answer 21

An alternation between diploid and haploid generations

Question 22

Is the sporophyte or gametophyte generation dominate in mosses

Answer 22

Gametophyte is dominant

Question 23

Antheridia

Answer 23

Produce sperm in mosses

Question 24

Archegonia

Answer 24

Female moss flowers
Where egg is produced
Not called an ovule

Question 25

Venter

Answer 25

Comparison to uterus in mosses located in archegonium

Question 26

Bryophyte general features

Answer 26

*small compact *found in moist and dry environments *non-vascular *lack vascular system and true roots, stems, and leaves *Gametophyte generation dominant *some unisexual, some bisexual *Require water for fertilization *flagellated

Question 27

Meiosis occurs in “flower”

Answer 27

To produce spores

Question 28

Differences between mosses, liverworts, and hornwarts

Question 29

Mosses

Answer 29

Three classes Over 15,000 species

Question 30

Seta (moss)

Answer 30

Stalk of sporophyte

Question 31

Rhizoids

Answer 31

“Roots” of moss

Question 32

Capsule

Answer 32

Sprorangangia

Question 33

Leaf like arrangement moss

Answer 33

Spirally arranged

Question 34

Class sphagnidae

Answer 34

Peat mosses One of the most abundant plants on earth Peat lands store large amounts of carbon

Question 35

Sphagnum Peat Moss

Answer 35

Unique leaf structure allows leaves to absorb large quantities of water

Question 36

Uses of peat mosses

Answer 36

Water holding capacity 20x dry weight Acids and antiseptics Diaper or bandage Horticulture Harvested and burned for fuel

Question 37

Bodies of the bog

Answer 37

Northeastern Europe Many died violent deaths Skeletons to well preserved complete bodies to isolated to heads and limbs 8000 b. To the early midieval

Question 38

Class Andreaeidae

Question 39

Class Bryidae

Answer 39

Common mosses

Question 40

Calyptra

Answer 40

Top of archegonia

Question 41

Operculum

Answer 41

Comes off like a cap

Question 42

Peristome

Answer 42

Has teeth, spores come out

Question 43

Liverworts

Answer 43

Phylum Hepaticophyta Not spirally arranged

Question 44

Thalloid liverworts

Answer 44

No stemlike or leaf like structures. Flattened

Question 45

Leafy liverworts

Answer 45

Leaf arrangements in rows Asexual reproduction by fragmentation

Question 46

Gemmae cups

Answer 46

Sends out fragments of itself

Question 47

Air pores in liverworts

Answer 47

Look like stomata, no guards

Question 48

Liverwort lifecycle

Answer 48

Archegoniaphore: neck cells into the vent or Antheridaphore: tree like structure, antheridia head, rain falls splashes out sperm, sperm splash to the archegoniaphore, the sperm swim to the archegonia to fertilize

Question 49

Elaters

Answer 49

Help to allow spores to shoot out

Question 50

Hornwort

Answer 50

Phylum Anthocerophyta Shaped like a horn Asexual reproduction fragmentation Sexual reproduction archegonia and antheridia Sporophyte width lot of stomata Capsules shaped like horn

Question 51

Stomata on sporophytes

Answer 51

Hornwort

Question 52

Ecological Importance

Answer 52

* Frequently colonize rock previously * Play a role in forming soil *prevent soil erosion * Retain moisture * Store carbon

Question 53

Mosses vs. liverworts

Answer 53

Mosses *leaves spirally arranged *leaves usually w costa *Leaves rarely lobed Liverworts *Leaves in rows *Leaves lacking costa *leaves often lobed

Question 54

Liverworts vs. Hornworts

Answer 54

Liverworts *leafy or thalloid *Apical Region: many chloroplasts *Capsules spherical to elongate *Sporophyte lacking stomata Hornworts *Thalloid *Apical Region: single chloroplast *Capsules elongate horn-like *Sporophyte with stomata