Kingdom Protista

Question 1

Classification

Answer 1

Organisms do not belong with plants, animals, bacteria, or fungi

Question 2

Properties

Answer 2

1. Have membrane bound organelles
2. Bridge between bacteria and larger organisms
3. Over 200 000 species
4. Some are unicellular, some multi

Question 3

Endosymbiotic theory

Answer 3

Smaller prokaryotic cell was engulfed by larger prokaryotic cell

Flagella possibly came from spirochete (spiral bacteria)

Question 4

3 categories of Protista

Answer 4

1. Algae
2. Protozoan
3. Slime molds

Question 5

Plant like

Answer 5

• algae and phytoplankton
• contain chlorophyll
• produce oxygen
• phytoplankton produce 60% of worlds oxygen
• unicellular and multicellular
• 6 subgroups

Question 6

Euglenophyta

Answer 6

Unicellular

• no cell wall, instead have pellicle
• autotrophs with chloroplasts, in absence of light become heterotrophs
• freshwater
• has flagella and capable of movement like animal

Question 7

Chrysophyta

Answer 7

• golden algae or diatoms
• unicellular
• no cilia or flagella
• intricate glass walls of silica: consist of two halves that that fit together like lid
• among most abundant organisms in ocean
• used in toothpaste

Question 8

Pyrophyta

Answer 8

• dinoflagellates aka fire algae
• unicellular
• 2 flagella and spin through water, covered in cellulose plates
• salt water
• many bioluminescence when agitated
• some have symbiotic relationship with jellyfish and other organisms near coral reefs
• gonyaulax cause psp/red tide

Question 9

Thallus

Answer 9

• multicellular bodies called thallus
• thallus can have man specialized structures including:
  String like filaments
  Leaf like sheets (sea weed)
  Root like holdfasts
  Gas bladders

Question 10

Chlorophyta

Answer 10

• multicellular
• equivalent to earth’s terrestrial ads
• many grow in colonies with cells linked end to end (filaments) or as flat leaf like sheets
• live in: shallow sea floors, fresh water, moist soil, some symbiotic with fungi in lichen

Question 11

Rhodophyta

Answer 11

• multicellular
• warm salt water
• able to grow deeper than most due to pigments that trap light deep in ocean

Question 12

Phaeophyta

Answer 12

• multicellular
• cold marine waters
• the thalli of many have holdfasts to anchor to rocks
• kelp have specialized air bladders to help blades float to surface where they absorb light
• alternation of generation

Question 13

Animal like Protista

Answer 13

Aka protozoan: first animal
Make up zoo plankton
ONLY UNICELLULAR
Heterotrophs
Mobility

Question 14

Sarcodinians

Answer 14

Amoebas and foraminiferans

• move by extending lobes of cytoplasm (pseudopods)
• uses pinocytosis and phagocytosis for eating
• eat by surrounding organisms with pseudopods
• contractile vacuole pumps out excess water when feeding
• fresh and salt water and intestines
• reproduce (binary fission) once per day

Question 15

Mastigophora

Answer 15

• zooflagellates
• freshwater or inside other organisms
• move by flagella
• asexual: longitudinal fission

Question 16

Ciliophora

Answer 16

• paramecium
• move by cilia
• largest most diverse/ complex group or Protista
• multinucleated
• cilia can be modified into teeth, paddles, or feet
• can have trichocyts: harpoon like structures to catch prey/defense

Question 17

Ciliophoran reproduction

Answer 17

Macronucleus: controls ongoing functions and binary fission
Micronucleus: involved in genetic exchange during conjugation

Question 18

Conjugation in paramecium

Answer 18

1. Join at oral groove, micronucleus divide
2. One micronucleus from each enters oral groove; macro nuclei disintegrate
3. Micronucleus in oral groove divide
4. Micronucleus in oral groove swap
5. Micronucleus fuse and macronucleus develops

Question 19

Ciliophoran digestion

Answer 19

1. Use cilia to move and gather food
2. Food enters oral groove and pinched off forming food vacuoles
3. After nutrients are extracted from food, the waste is ejected through anal pore
4. All protozoans have contractile vacuoles which pump out excess water in the cell

Question 20

Apicomplexa

Answer 20

• sporozoans
• lack: cilia, flagella, pseudopods
• capable of some worm movement
• parasites
• less organelles than other Protista
• form spores during their life cycles
• complex life cycles often involving 2+ hosts (often one is an insect-vector)

Question 21

Fungi-like slime molds

Answer 21

Similarities to fungus:

• no chloroplasts
• absorb nutrients across cell wall

Unlike fungus:
- no chitin (complex carb) that forms rigid structure in fungus

Question 22

Plasmodial slime molds

Myxomycota

Answer 22

Feeding: form a plasmodium (big mass of cytoplasm)

Poor conditions: fruiting body forms producing spores that can stay dormant until conditions are favourable

Transport: spores can be spread by wind or animals

• diploid

Question 23

Cellular slime molds

Acrasiomycota

Answer 23

• found in fresh water and damp soil
• alternate between amoeboid (feeding) form and a spore producing fruiting body
• when there is no food available nearby cells clump together forming a large slug like organism called a pseudoplasmodium
• haploid

Question 24

Water molds

Oomycota

Answer 24

• cell wall is made of cellulose
• fresh water
• decomposes: feed on dead or decaying plants or animals
• parasitize land plants (ex downy mildews)

Question 25

Paramecium diagram

Answer 25

``` Contains: Pellicle Cilia Food vacuole Contractile vacuole Micronucleus Macronucleus Cytoplasm Oral groove ```

Question 26

Difference between plasmodial and cellular

Answer 26

Plasmodial: diploid nuclei have no membranes to separate Cellular: is multicellular. Separated by membranes

Question 27

Flagellates in termite

Answer 27

Convert cellulose of bark to usable form of carbohydrate for termite = flagellate gets protection and food

Question 28

Euglena diagram

Answer 28

``` Contains: Stigma Reservoir Chloroplasts Pellicle Contractile vacuole Nucleus Nucleolus Flagellum ```

Question 29

Kelp diagram

Answer 29

``` Contains: Frond Blade Gas bladder Stipe Hold fast ```

Question 30

Pellicle

Answer 30

Flexible protein covering