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Biomechanics > Kiniseiology > Flashcards

Kiniseiology Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

Functions of skeletal system

A

Stores and releases minerals and fat
RBC production
Protection
Supports body
Facilitate movement

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2
Q

Name types of bones and give examples of each type

A

Flat bone - sternum
Long bone - femur
Sesamoid bone - patella
Irregular bone - vertebra
Short bone - cuneiform (lateral, intermediate or medial)

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3
Q

Name the two girdles

A

Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle

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4
Q

Name the three types of joint

A

Fixed
Slightly moveable
Synovial

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5
Q

6 joint classifications with examples

A

Enarthrodial (ball and socket) - hip
Ginglymus (hinge) - elbow
Sellar (saddle) - thumb
Trochodial (pivot) - radioulnar
Arthrodial (gliding) - intercarpal
Condylodial (ellipsoid) - wrist

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6
Q

Describe ligaments and tendons

A

Ligaments are tough bands of connective tissue connecting muscle to bone, typically attaching at joints.

Tendons Strong fibrous bands of connective tissue, holds bone to bone.

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7
Q

Describe a fracture

A

Cracking, snapping and deformity at the bone, may be swollen or tender, verified with x-Ray

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8
Q

4 main fracture types

A

Closed - break goes along bone but still intact
Open - bone is clean snapped off and may be poking skin
Comminuted - broken in more than one place
Green stick - not fully broken

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9
Q

Describe Osteoarthritis

A

Consequence of ageing or an injury

Produced bone growth which prevents movement, muscle weakness and poor proprioception

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10
Q

Describe rheumatoid arthritis

A

Autoimmune disorder, attacked cartilage causes pain and swelling and it can fuse a joint together

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11
Q

Describe osteoporosis

A

Bone mass decreases, prone to fractures, can be caused by ageing or mineral deficiency

Can be reversed by high impact activity like running

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12
Q

4 muscle functions

A

Movement, posture, joint stability and heat production

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13
Q

Describe how muscles create movement

A

Force produced by muscle

Transmitted to skeleton via the tendon

Movement occurs/joint stabilised/posture maintained

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14
Q

What is the point of origin and what is the point of insertion

A

Origin: The tendon attachment nearest to the centre of the body

Insertion: Tendon attachment furthest from the centre of the body

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15
Q

Describe rotational movement

A

Torque = force x perpendicular distance from pivot

More than one force acting, met torque determines movement

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16
Q

What does a longer lever arm do for movement

A

Increase torque
Decrease RoM
Decreases joint angular velocity

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17
Q

Describe concentric, eccentric and isometric contraction

A

Concentric - shortening and under tension
Eccentric - lengthening and under tension
Isometric - staying the same under tension

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18
Q

Describe agonist, antagonist, fixator and synergist

A

Agonist - muscle performing movement
Antagonist - muscle that could oppose agonist
Fixator - stabilises nearby joints
Synergist - assists action of the agonist

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19
Q

Describe each positional descriptor

A

Superior - up
Medial - towards middle
Inferior - bottom
Lateral - away from midline
Distal - further from centre
Proximal - closer to centre
Palmar - palm of hand forwards

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20
Q

Three main planes of body

A

Frontal - front and back
Sagittal - left and right
Transverse - upper and lower

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21
Q

Three main axis of the body

A

Vertical axis
Sagittal axis
Frontal axis

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22
Q

Movements available at the Sagittal plane

A

Flexion and extension

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23
Q

Movements available at the frontal plane

A

Abduction, addiction
Inversion, eversion
Radial deviation, ulnar deviation

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24
Q

Movements available at the transverse plane

A

Rotation
Lateral rotation, medial rotation

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25
Multiplanar movements are:
Circumduction Diagonal adduction/abduction
26
Name the two arches of the foot
Longitudinal arch - calcaneus —> talus —>navicular—>cuboid/cuneiforms—> metatarsals Transverse arch - 1st —> 5th metatarsal
27
Two types of feet
Pes planus (low arch) - softer foot, shock absorption, less propulsion Pes cavus (high arch) - rigid foot, less shock absorption, more propulsion
28
What is the plantar fascia
Ligamentous structure, attached to calcaneus, metatarsals, phalanges and skin. Supports base of entire foot, including arches during load bearing.
29
Bones of the ankle joint
Tibia, fibula and talus
30
Describe the movements available at the subtalar joint
Allows inversion and eversion, pronation and supination
31
Name three other foot and ankle joints
Tarsometatarsal joint Matarsophalangeal joint Interphalangeal joint
32
4 components of foot and ankle for muscles
Superficial posterior Deep posterior Anterior Lateral
33
Superficial posterior muscles
Gastrocnemius, soleus
34
Deep posterior muscles
Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus
35
Anterior muscles
Tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis longus Extensor digitorum longus
36
Lateral muscles
Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis Peroneus tertius
37
Describe Achilles tendon rupture
Onset of sharp pain at heel, snapping sound and difficulty walking Caused by sudden dorsiflexion when muscle in tension or heavy activation after periods of inactivity.
38
Describe shin splints
Tears/inflammation of muscles attached to tibia Causes stress fractures
39
Describe an ankle sprain
>90% caused by inversion, less common by eversion Re injury rate increases by about 50%
40
What three bones articulate 2 knee joints
Tibia, femur and patella
41
Name the ligaments in the knee
ACL - anterior cruciate ligament LCL - lateral collateral ligament LM - lateral meniscus PCL - posterior cruciate ligament MCL - medial collateral ligament MM - medial meniscus
42
Role of menisci
Provides stability, absorb shock and provide lubrication to knee joint
43
Role of the patella
Increases quad torque by increasing distance from axis of motion
44
Quadriceps muscles
Rectus femoris Vastus medialis Vastus intermedialis Vastus lateralis
45
Hamstrings muscles
Biceps femoris Semitendenosus Semimbranosus
46
What are the two malalignments in the knee
Genu Valgum (knock knees) Genu Varum (bow legged)
47
What is Chrondomalacia patella
Mistracking of patella and damage to patello-femoral cartilage Caused by Genu valgum, pronation, high patella or weak vastus medialis
48
Describe how acl injuries mostly occur
Mostly non contact (70%), occur by excessive anterior tibial translation
49
What are the 4 hip bones
Ilium, ischium, sacrum and pubis
50
Name the different joints in the hip
Sacroiliac joint, hip joint
51
Main hip flexors
Major - Iliacus, psoas major, Minor - rectus femoris, sartorius
52
Main hip extensors
Gluteus maximus and the hamstrings
53
What is Lombard’s paradox
During sit to stand motion: Hip extension and knee extension needed Rectus femoris agonist for hip extension but antagonist for knee extension
54
What happens as a result of Lombard’s paradox
Knee and hip extensors have greater lever arm Quadriceps larger muscle and more activated than hamstrings. Part of quads spans hip vs all of hamstrings Net extensor torque at knee and net extensor torque at the hip
55
What is femoroacetabular impingement
Growth/deformity of acetabulum or femur Butting together caused Damages cartilage of joint Risk factor or osteoarthritis Higher risk in young people and athletes
56
Iliotobial band syndrome
Five out reinforcement of the TFL If tight, inflammation on lateral aspect of the knee and friction between iliotical and lateral condyle of the femur
57
Describe hamstring strains
Mostly non contact Common in football Usually biceps femoris
58
4 key joints of the spine
Atlanto-occipital joint Atlantoaxial joint Intervertebral joint Lumbosacrial joint
59
Name the type and how meant of each bone is in the spine
7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx
60
Movements of the lumbar spine
Lumbar flexion, lumbar extension Lumbar rotation, lumbar lateral flexion
61
Movements of the pelvic girdle
Anterior pelvic rotation Posterior pelvic rotation
62
Describe the role of rectus abdominis in lumbar movements
Both sides = lumbar flexion Left side = lateral flexion to left Right side = lateral flexion to right
63
What do the obliques do
External = lumbar rotation to opposite side + lateral flexion to the same side Internal = lumbar rotation to same side + lateral flexion to the same side
64
What do the transverse abdominis do
Contributes to forced expiration, maintains abdominal pressure
65
Describe low back pain
80% of population experience lumbar back pain Risk factors include poor posture, muscle imbalance and poor core stability
66
Structures in the shoulder girdle
Clavicle and scapula
67
What 4 joints are in the shoulder
Sternoclavicular joint Acromioclavicular joint Scapulothoracic joint Glenohumeral joint
68
What movements are available round the shoulder girdle
Elevation Depression Addiction Abduction Upward rotation
69
5 main muscles involved in shoulder girdle movements
Posterior: trapezius, rhomboids and levator scapulae Anterior: pectoralis minor, serratus anterior
70
What is the nuchal ligament
Occipital pertuberance to the spinous process C7 Supports weight of the head Point of attachment for some muscles
71
Describe a fractured clavicle
Most commonly fractured bone in the human body Usually caused by direct impact In the middle or towards lateral third of the clavicle
72
Recovery from a clavicle fracture
Rest and minimal movement Around 12 weeks recovery Surgery is unusual unless the fracture is comminuted
73
What bones articulate the glenohumeral joint
Humeral head and the glenoid cavity
74
What movements are available at the shoulder joint
Flexion, extension, rotation, addiction, abduction, circumduction
75
What are the superficial muscles of the glenohumeral joint
Pectoralis major Lattisimus dorsi Teres major Deltoid
76
What are the deep muscles of the shoulder joint
Rotator cuff (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis)
77
What is the role of the pectoralis major
Adduction Horizontal adduction Internal rotation
78
Role of latissimus dorsi
Adduction Horizontal abduction Extension Internal rotation
79
Role of teres major
Adduction Horizontal abduction Extension Internal rotation
80
Deltoid role
All movements
81
Rotator cuff role
Internal rotation External rotation
82
How do rotator cuff injuries occur
From rapid overhead activities
83
Describe shoulder dislocations
98% are anterior Caused by either the excessive abduction and external rotation, or impact facing the humeral head forwards

Biomechanics (9 decks)

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