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Question 1

MacPhail

Answer 1

argues that language is essential for the development of the self, and that a self-concept is essential for consciousness

Question 2

Sapir- Whorf hypothesis

Answer 2

combines linguistic relativism and linguistic determinism and says that different languages dissect the world in different ways, and these differences have consequences, so speakers of different languages perceive and categorize the world in different ways

Question 3

carpentered world hypothesis

Answer 3

sensitivity to illusion is caused by exposure to the straight lines, right angles, and corners that dominate the industrial environment

Question 4

language of thought hypothesis

Answer 4

thoughts and thinking take place in a mental language, inner speech, called mentaese

Question 5

representational theory of mind

Answer 5

language manipulate concepts regarding states of affairs, and thinking transforms one mental state into another, representation word stays for a symbol

Question 6

incubation

Answer 6

problem solving has 2 routes, conscious and unconscious - you are doing something completely else and then the solution comes to you later (uncoscious thinking)

Question 7

lexical bias

Answer 7

Imagine you have a word that can mean different things. Lexical bias is when your brain tends to pick the most common meaning of that word, even if there are other possible meanings. It’s like your brain automatically goes for the usual interpretation.

For example, if you hear the word "bat," your brain might quickly think of the flying mammal rather than a sports equipment, because bats (the animals) are more commonly talked about.

Question 8

phonemic similarity

Answer 8

similar sounds get confused more often

Question 9

left inferior frontal gyrus (Brocas area)

Answer 9

is activated when we speak aloud, but also activated during inner speech

Question 10

auditory verbal hallucination

Answer 10

we hear that speech arises internally but source of it, is attributed to be external - failure of source monitoring

Question 11

conventional materialism

Answer 11

everything is physical, even thoughts, feelings and mental experiences

Question 12

Gazzaniga investigated patients whose two cortical hemispheres were disconnected through an operation (split-brain patients). He found that:

Answer 12

They are able to use objects presented to their left visual field even though they cannot verbalize them.

Question 13

Which statement best characterizes predictive processing theory?

Answer 13

Prior beliefs shape our perception of the world, and are updated based on prediction error signaling.

predictions are made about incoming sensory information. Higher levels make more abstract and global predictions, while lower levels make more detailed and specific predictions.

Prediction error occurs when there is a mismatch between the predicted and actual sensory input. This discrepancy is crucial for learning and updating the internal models used for prediction. The brain continuously adjusts its predictions based on prediction errors.

Question 15

What is John Searle’s (the originator of the ‘Chinese Room’) opinion on whether artificial consciousness is possible?

Answer 15

No, it is not possible, because only human brains can cause conscious minds.

Question 16

What is the main difference between weak and strong AI?

Answer 16

Weak AI proponents think computers can simulate intelligence and mind, strong AI proponents believe rightly programmed machines will have a mind just as humans do.

Question 17

Which cognitive processes are altered in an (e.g., drug-induced) Altered State of Consciousness?

Answer 17

Almost all cognitive functions.

Question 18

Researchers like Tart (1975), Laureys (2005), and (Hobson, 2009) have developed subjective scaling techniques to assess altered states of consciousness. These techniques allow locating consciousness-related phenomena and experiences on particular theoretical dimensions. Which of the following dimensions have not been used by these authors?

Answer 18

The intensity of the experience and the ability to verbally describe it

Question 19

hypnosis

Answer 19

is both state and trait

Question 20

Discriminating reality from imagination is difficult. Which statement about the discrimination process is incorrect?

Answer 20

Real memories show systematically different neural activation patterns than false memories.

Question 21

William James made a distinction between

Answer 21

material self, social self, and spiritual self

Question 22

Spatial representation theory

Answer 22

visual images are like pictures, and we can carry out operations on the pictures themselves

Question 23

propositional theory

Answer 23

mental images are coded in the same abstract representation as languages, called propositions

Question 24

dual-code theory

Answer 24

we need both linguistic and pictorial codes to represent the world

Question 25

attention and awareness

Answer 25

attention determines the contents of our consiousness but most researchers believe opposite - that attention and awareness are doubly dissociable - you can have either without the other

Question 26

Default mode network

Answer 26

network of brain regions that are highly active together, regions are important in processing a great deal of what we consider to be important in being conscious, they are active when a person in doing nothing, we plan life events, reflectm daydream - so it has an ACTIVE COMPONENT and NEGATIVE COMPONENT (stopping or carrying on doing nothing)

Question 27

absorption

Answer 27

personality trait, in which a person becomes absorbed in their mental imagery and fantasies