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psych - aos 2 unit 3 > kkdp4, 5, 6 > Flashcards

kkdp4, 5, 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is memory?

A

Memory is an active information-processing system that receives, stores, organises and recovers information.

Memory involves encoding, storage, and retrieval processes.

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2
Q

What are the three processes of memory?

A
  • Encoding
  • Storage
  • Retrieval

These processes are essential for handling information in memory.

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3
Q

What is the first step in the memory process?

A

Encoding

Encoding involves taking in information from the external or internal environment.

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4
Q

How is information encoded?

A

Information is converted from raw sensory form into a meaningful form.

This includes transducing electro-magnetic radiation to electro-chemical energy.

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5
Q

What happens during the storage process?

A

Encoded information is held in the memory system for a period of time.

This allows for the preservation of information for later use.

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6
Q

What is retrieval in memory?

A

Retrieval involves locating information stored in memory and bringing it into consciousness.

Retrieval can be automatic for learned actions.

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7
Q

What does Atkinson and Shiffrin’s Multi-Store Model of Memory consist of?

A
  • Sensory memory
  • Short-term memory
  • Long-term memory

Each store operates independently but is inter-related.

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8
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

Sensory memory is where new sensory information enters and is held for a very brief period.

It acts as a temporary storage facility for raw data.

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9
Q

What is iconic memory?

A

Iconic memory is the sensory storage register for visual sensations.

It has virtually unlimited capacity but holds information for approximately 0.3 seconds.

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10
Q

What is the duration of iconic memory?

A

Approximately 0.3 seconds.

This short duration allows for quick processing of visual information.

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11
Q

What is echoic memory?

A

Echoic memory is the sensory storage register for auditory sensations.

It has virtually unlimited capacity and holds information for 3-4 seconds.

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12
Q

Why does echoic memory last longer than iconic memory?

A

Echoic memory lasts longer to allow sounds to be encoded and selected for attention.

This is crucial for understanding language.

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13
Q

What is short-term memory (STM)?

A

Short-term memory stores a limited amount of information for a brief period unless rehearsed.

STM is often referred to as working memory.

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14
Q

What is the average capacity of short-term memory?

A

7 +/- 2 bits of information (5-9).

This capacity can be affected by the size of the information bits.

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15
Q

What is chunking?

A

Chunking is a method to increase STM capacity by grouping information into larger units.

This allows more information to be remembered within the same capacity.

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16
Q

What is the duration of short-term memory?

A

STM can hold information for approximately 30 seconds.

Without rehearsal, information can decay quickly.

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17
Q

What is long-term memory (LTM)?

A

Long-term memory is the relatively permanent memory system that stores vast amounts of information.

LTM is more organized than STM.

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18
Q

How is information retrieved from long-term memory?

A

Information is retrieved using cues.

Effective encoding allows for quick retrieval.

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19
Q

What are the two general categories of long-term memories?

A
  • Implicit memories
  • Explicit memories

Both types play roles in various cognitive tasks.

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20
Q

What are procedural memories?

A

Procedural memories are ‘how to’ memories, such as knowing how to tie shoelaces.

These are a type of implicit memory.

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21
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Semantic memory holds factual information used for understanding the world.

Examples include knowledge of capitals or mathematical concepts.

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22
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Episodic memory is a type of autobiographical memory that stores personally significant events.

It includes memories of emotions and context surrounding events.

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23
Q

How do people typically express episodic memories?

A

By stating, ‘I remember when…’

This reflects personal experiences tied to specific events.

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24
Q

How do people typically express semantic memories?

A

By stating, ‘I know that…’

This indicates knowledge of facts rather than personal experiences.

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25
What are the five key structures involved in memory?
* Neocortex * Hippocampus * Amygdala * Basal Ganglia * Cerebellum ## Footnote These structures interact to form and store different types of memory.
26
What is the primary role of the hippocampus in memory?
The hippocampus is heavily involved in forming or encoding new explicit (declarative) memories. ## Footnote It is considered the center for short-term memory (STM).
27
Where is the hippocampus located?
In the medial temporal lobe, underneath the temporal lobe area of the cerebral cortex. ## Footnote It is part of the limbic system.
28
What happens if the hippocampus is damaged?
Inability to create new long-term memories (LTM), but older memories can still be accessed. ## Footnote Damage can also affect language and spatial navigation abilities.
29
What is the role of the amygdala in memory?
It is particularly influential in forming memories of intense emotionally significant experiences and survival-related behaviors. ## Footnote It enables reactions to dangerous stimuli.
30
How does the amygdala contribute to emotional memory formation?
It releases noradrenalin which increases emotional significance and signals the hippocampus for long-term storage of emotional details. ## Footnote This occurs during the memory consolidation process.
31
What are the effects of damage to the amygdala?
May threaten physical and social survival, impairing threat assessment and emotional response. ## Footnote This can lead to awkward social situations.
32
What is the role of the basal ganglia in memory?
Involves long-term implicit memories associated with motor skills. ## Footnote Damage can lead to difficulties in learning and remembering motor skills.
33
What disorders are associated with damage to the basal ganglia?
* Parkinson's disease * Huntington's disease ## Footnote Both involve degeneration of neurons leading to motor symptoms.
34
What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
Involved in processing memories related to learned motor skills and habits, and stores implicit procedural memories. ## Footnote It is responsible for balance and coordination.
35
What happens if the cerebellum is damaged?
Difficulty completing automatic movements, speaking, and coordinating muscles. ## Footnote This affects activities like walking or playing an instrument.
36
What is the neocortex?
The outer surface of the brain, the newest part of the cerebral cortex. ## Footnote It shares neural links with all other brain structures.
37
How does the neocortex contribute to memory?
Evaluates information from all lobes and relays it to the hippocampus and amygdala for memory formation and storage. ## Footnote It is involved in both declarative and procedural memories.
38
What role do association areas in the neocortex play?
Responsible for higher cognitive processes such as learning and problem-solving, contributing to memory. ## Footnote Different lobes of the neocortex have specialized functions.
39
What is the impact of left temporal lobe damage?
Difficulty remembering and understanding language, inability to name familiar objects, places, or faces. ## Footnote Damage to Wernicke's area affects language comprehension.
40
What is the impact of right temporal lobe damage?
Impaired memory for non-verbal information, such as recognizing familiar faces, music, and pictures. ## Footnote This reflects the lateralization of memory function.
41
True or False: The hippocampus is solely responsible for memory storage.
False ## Footnote No single brain structure is solely responsible for memory; multiple areas interact.
42
Fill in the blank: The _______ is involved in the formation and storage of procedural memories.
Cerebellum ## Footnote It is associated with implicit memories and motor skills.
43
What is autobiographical memory?
A person’s memory for events that occurred in their own life, consisting of information from episodic and semantic memory.
44
What are the two types of memory involved in autobiographical memory?
* Episodic memory * Semantic memory
45
What is episodic future thinking?
The ability to set goals and make plans based on imagined future scenarios.
46
How can mental time travel aid in constructing possible imagined futures?
It allows recollection of past experiences to inform future scenarios.
47
What are neurodegenerative diseases?
A group of progressive neurological disorders that destroy cells controlling essential muscle activity and cognitive capacities.
48
What is Alzheimer's disease?
An irreversible, progressive brain disease that destroys memory and thinking skills.
49
What are neurofibrillary tangles?
Hard fibers that develop inside neurons, inhibiting effective communication.
50
What are amyloid plaques?
Hard formations that build up outside neurons, preventing communication between them.
51
What initiates the process of Alzheimer's disease in the brain?
The formation of plaques and tangles, starting in the hippocampus.
52
What factors contribute to the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease?
* Genetics * Environmental Factors * Lifestyle Factors
53
What is a common method for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease?
Doctors ask about health history, conduct memory tests, and perform brain scans.
54
What are typical symptoms of Alzheimer's disease as it progresses?
* Persistent memory lapses * Forgetfulness of known people and places * Need for 24-hour care in later stages
55
What distinguishes Alzheimer's disease as a physiological condition?
It involves degeneration of the brain leading to psychological symptoms like memory loss.
56
What is aphantasia?
The inability to visualize imagery.
57
What are the two forms of aphantasia?
* Congenital * Acquired
58
Can people with congenital aphantasia regain imagery abilities?
No, there is no cure for congenital aphantasia.
59
How might some individuals with acquired aphantasia regain their abilities?
Through therapy that may lead to possible 're-wiring' of the brain.
60
Is aphantasia considered a disability?
No, it is a unique variation in human experience.
61
True or False: Aphantasia can inhibit success in life.
False
62
What is the primary role of episodic and semantic memory?
To retrieve autobiographical events and construct possible imagined futures.

psych - aos 2 unit 3 (1 decks)

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