KLUBSY: MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF URINE Flashcards
(294 cards)
1
Q
This is the first procedure to standardize the quantitation of formed elements; used a hemocytometer
A
Addid count
2
Q
Addis count utilizes what instrument
A
Hemocytometer
3
Q
What is the specimen used for the Addis count
A
12-hours urine preserved in formalin
4
Q
What is the preservative used in Addis count?
A
Formalin
5
Q
Normal value of Addis count for RBCs:
A
0 to 500,000 cells/uL
6
Q
Normal value of Addis count for WBCs:
A
0 to 1,800,00 cells/uL
7
Q
Normal value of Addis count for epithelial cells:
A
0 to 1,800,000 cells/uL
8
Q
Normal value of Addis count for hyaline casts:
A
0 to 5000 cells/uL
9
Q
T/F: To correct the differences in the diameter of centrifuge heads, RCF rather than revolutions per minute (RPM) is used.
A
T
10
Q
This is a supravital stain consisting of Crystal vioelt abd safranin
A
Sternheimer-Malbin
11
Q
What stain acts by delineating the structure and contrasting colors of the nucleus and cytoplasm
A
Sternheimer-Malbin
12
Q
This stain identifies WBCs, epithelial cells, and casts
A
Sternheimer-Malbin
13
Q
This is a metachromiatic supravital stain
A
0.5% Toluidine blue
14
Q
This stain acts by enhancing nucelar detail
A
0.5% Toluidine blue
15
Q
This stain differentiates WBCs and renal tubual epithelial (RTE) cells
A
0.5% Toluidine blue
16
Q
This stain acts by lysiing RBCs and enhancing nuclei of WBCs
A
2% acetic acid
17
Q
This stain distinguishes RBCs from WBCs, yeat, oil, droplets, and crystals
A
2% acetic acid
18
Q
These are lipid stains in sediment stains
A
Oil Red O and Sudan III
19
Q
These stains act by staining triglycerides and neutral fats orange-red
A
Oil Red O and Sudan III
20
Q
This stain identifies free fat droplets and lipid containing cells and casts
A
Oil Red O and Sudan III
21
Q
This stain acts by differentiating gram-POSITIVE and gram-NEGATIVE bacteria
A
gram stain
22
Q
This stain identifies bacterial casts
A
gram stain
23
Q
This stain acts by staining eosinophilic granules
A
Hansel stain
24
Q
A Hansel stain composes of what
A
Methylene blue + Eosin Y
25
Methylene blue + Eosin Y =
Hansel stain
26
This stain idenfities urinary eosinophils
Hansel stain
27
This stain acts by staining structures containing IRON
Prussian blue stain
28
This stain identifies yellow-brown granules of hemosiderin in cells and casts
Prussian blue stain
29
This stain is a.k.a as the Modified Sternheimer Malbin
Sedi and KOVA stain
30
The Sedi and KOVA stain is a.k.a
Modified Sternheimer Malbin
31
This dye is absorbed well by WBCs, epithelial cells, and casts, providing clearer delineation of structure and contrasting colors of the nucleus and cytoplasm
Sedi and KOVA stain
32
In this stain, Hyaline casts appear as pink
Sedi and KOVA stain
33
In this stain, motile bacteria are unstained
Sedi and KOVA stain
34
In this stain, non-motile bacteria stains purple
Sedi and KOVA stain
35
In this stain, T. vaginalis stains as light blue-green
Sedi and KOVA stain
36
In the Sedi and KOVA stain, hyaline casts appear as what?
pink
37
In the Sedi and KOVA stain, these are unstained
Motile bacteria
38
In the Sedi and KOVA stain, non-motile bacteria stains as what?
purple
39
In the Sedi and KOVA stain, this bacteria stains light blue-green
T. vaginalis
40
In Oil Red O and Sudan III, cholesterol and cholesterol esters do NOT stain and must be confirmed by what?
By polarizing microscopy
41
With these stains, cholesterol and cholesterol esters do not stain and must be confirmed by polarizing microscopy
Oil Red O and Sudan III
42
These stains also distinguishes urinary eosinophils, but Hansel stain is preferred
Wright's stain or Giemsa stain
43
This stain is preferred for distinguishing urinary eosinophils
Hansel stain
44
This plays an important role in the early detection of renal allograft rejection and in the differential diagnosis of renal disease
Cytodiagnostic urinalysis
45
This involves making a 10:1 concentration of a first morning urine specimen, followed by cytocentrifugation of the urine sediment and Papanicolaou's staining
Cytodiagnostic urinalysis
46
In cytodiagnostic urinalysis, it involves making a concentration of what ratio of the first morning uring spx, followed by cytocentrifugation of the urine sediment and Papanicolaou's staining
10:1 concentratio
47
What are the Commercial systems for Urine sediment preparation
-UriSystem
-KOVA system
-Count-10 system
48
this is designed such that after centrifugation, it can be decanted with a quick smooth motion and consistently retains 0.4 mL of urine for sediment resuspension
UriSystem
49
The UriSystem consistently retains how much of urine for sediment resuspension
0.4 mL of urine
50
This uses a specially designed pipette that snuggly fits the diameter and shape of the tube to retain 1 mL of urine during decanting
KOVA system
51
The KOVA system retains what volume of urine during decanting?
1 mL of urine
52
This system offers several options to retain 0.8 mL for sedimen resuspension
Count-10 System
53
The Count-10 System retains a volume of how much urine for sediment resuspension
0.8 mL for sedimen resuspensions
54
This technique is used for routine urinalysis
Bright field microscopy
55
With this technique, objects appear dark against a LIGHT background
Bright field microscopy
56
This technique is MOST FREQUENTLY used in the clinical laboratory
Bright Field Microscopy
57
This is the oldest and most common type of illumination system used on microscopes
Bright field microscopy
58
T/F: All other types of microscopes are adapted to bright-field
T
59
This tehcnique enhances visualization of elements with low refractive indices, such as hyaline casts mixed cellular casts, mucous threads, and Trichomonas
Phase contrast microscopy
60
Type of microscopy in which variations in the specime's refractive index are converted into VARIATIONS IN LIGHT INTENSITY OR CONTRAST
Phase contrast microscopy
61
This is an adaptation of a bright-filed microscope with a phase-contrast objective lens and a matching condenser.
Phase contrast microscopy
62
This technique has 2 phase rings that appear as "targets" are placed in the condenser and the objective
phase contrast microscopy
63
this technique forms a halo of light around the specimen
Phase contrast microscopy
64
In phase contrast microscopy, light passes to the specimen through the clear circle in the phase ring in the condenser, forming a what?
forming a halo of light around the specimen
65
This aids in identification of cholesterol in oval fat bodies, fatty casts, and crystals
Polarizing microscopy
66
Polarizing microscopy aids in identification of what?
identification of cholesterol in OVAL FAT BODIES, FATTY CASTS, and CRYSTALS
67
In polarizing microscopy, a substance that rotates the plane of polarized light of how many degrees in a clockwise direction is said to have positive birefringence.
90 degrees
68
In polarizing microscopy, a substance that rotates the plane of polarized light of 90 degrees in what direction is said to have positive birefringence.
in a clockwise direction
69
In polarizing microscopy, a substance that rotates the plane of polarized light of how many degrees in a clockwise direction is said to have what?
positive birefringence
70
T/F: Brightfield microscopes can be adapted for polarizing micrscopy
T
71
In polarizing microscopy, 2 polarizing filters must be installed in what way?
in a crossed configuration
72
In polarizing microscopy, how many polarizing filters must be installed in a crossed configuration?
two polarizing filters
73
This aids in identification of spirochetes such as Treponema pallidum
Dark field microscopy
74
Dark field microscopy aids in identification of what?
spirochetes such as Treponema pallidum
75
T/F: Bright field microscope is easily adapted for dark-field microscopy by replacing the condenser with a dark-field condenser that contains an opaque disk
T
76
Brightfield microscope is easily adapted for darkfield microscopy. How is this done?
Replacing the CONDENSER with a dark-field condenser that contains an OPAQUE disk
77
In this technique, the specimen appears light against the BLACK background or dark field
Dark field microscopy
78
This technique produces a three-dimensional microscopy image and a layer-by-layer imaging of a specimen
Interference contrast micrscopy
79
Type of microscopy in which the difference in optical light paths through the specime is converted into intensity differences in the specimen image
Interference contrast microscopy
80
Two types of interference-contrast microscopy:
- modulation contrast (Hoffman)
- differential-interference contrast (Nomarski)
*brightfield microscopes can be adapted for both methods
81
What is required to convert a brightfield microscopy to differential interference contrast?
1- polarizer placed between the light source and condenser
2-special condenser containing a modified Wollaston prisms for EACH objective
3-Wollaston prism placed between the objective and the eyepiece
4-analyzer (polarizing filter) placed behind this Wollaston prism and BEFORE the eyepiece
82
Allows visualization of naturally fluorescent microorganisms or those stained by a fluorescent dye
Fluorescence microscopy
83
What is the use for the 2 filters in a fluorescence microscopy?
1-excitation filter - to select a specific wavelength of illumination light
2-barrier filter - to transmit the different, longer-wavelength light emitted from the specimen to the eyepiece for viewing
84
A microscope component that regulates the angle of light presented to the specimen
Aperture diaphragm
85
The ability of a substance to refract light in two directions
Birefringement / doubly refractile
86
Unequal refraction of light rays by a lens that occurs because the different wavelengths of light refract or bend at different angles
Chromatic aberration
87
Microscope component that gathers and focuses the illumination of light onto the specimen for viewing
Condenser
88
the microscope lens or system of lenses located closest to the viewer's eye.
Eyepieve
89
It produces the secondary image magnification of the specimen
Eyepieve
90
Microscope component that controls/regulates the diameter of light beams that strike the specimen and hence reduces stray light
Field diaphragm
91
The circular field observed through a microscope
Field of view
92
Type of microscope illumination in which a a lamp condenser (located above the light source) focuses the image of the light source (lamp filament) onto the front focal plance of the substage condenser (where the aperture diaphragm is located)
Kohler illumination
93
Microscope component that holds the microscope slide with the specimen for viewing
Mechanical stage
94
The lens or system of lenses located closest to the specimen
Objectives
95
This microscopes component produces the primary image magnification of the specimen
Objectives
96
term describing objective lenses that RETAIN THE SAME FIELD OF VIEW when the user switches from on objective to another of a differing magnification
Parcenter
97
Term describing objective lenses that REMAIN IN FOCUS when the user switches from one objective to another of a differing magnification
Parfocal
98
Ability of a lens to distinguish two points or objects as separate
resolution
99
a technique used to produce permanent microscope slides of urine sediment and body fluids.
Cytocentrifugation
100
the end result of this technique is a monolayer of the urine sediment components with their structural details greatly enhanced by staining
Cytocentrifugation
101
Process of enlarging or magnifying an object's size without affecting its actual or physical size
Magnification
102
T/F: Do not use the 10x and 40x objectives without oil
F.
Do not use the said objectives WITH oil
103
T/F: Always hold the microscope in a vertical position
T
104
Parts of a micrscope: Lens system
- Oculars
-objectives
-adjustment knobs
105
Parts of a microscope: Illumination system
- light source
- condenser
- stage field
- iris diaphragms
106
Parts of a microscope: Body
- base
- body tube
- nose piece
107
Initial/Primary magnification of sample occurs in the ...
Occurs in the OBJECTIVES
108
Final/second magnification of sample occurs in the ...
Occurs int he EYEPIECE
109
How to calculate for the TOTAL MAGNIFICATION
Eyepiece x Objective
110
What is the indiv. magnification for the eyepiece
10x
111
What is the indiv. magnification for the scanner
5x or 4x
112
What is the indiv. magnification for the LPO
10x
113
What is the indiv. magnification for the HPO
40x
114
What is the indiv. magnification for the OIO
100x
115
What is the total magnification for the eyepiece
N/A
116
What is the total magnification for the scanner
50x or 40x
117
What is the total magnification for the LPO
100x
118
What is the total magnification for the HPO
400x
119
What is the total magnification for the OIO
1000x
120
This appears as smooth, non-nucleated, biconcave disk measuring approximately 6-8 um in diameter
RBCs
121
Size of RBCs
Approx 6-8 um in diamater
122
This sediment in the urine is the MOST difficult to recognize
RBCs
123
The observation of this sediment is critical to the early diagnosis of glomerular disorders and malignancy of the urinary tracy and to confirm the presence of RENAL CALCULI
Observation of microscopic hematuria
124
These cells may be seen following strenuous exercise
- RBCs
- hyaline
- granular
- RBC casts
125
Erythrocytes may appear as faint, colorless circles or "shadow cells," because??
because the hemoglobin may dissolve out if the specimen is NOT FRESH when it's examined
126
these are difficult to see using brightfield microscopy because their hemoglobin has been lost
Ghost cells
127
Ghost cells are readily visible using these microscope techniques
-phase contrast
- interference contrast micrscopy
128
What shape do RBCs make when viewed from the SIDE?
RBCs have an hourglass shape
129
When viewed from above, RBCs appear as ..
appear as disks with a central pallor
130
These promote the formation of ghost cells in urine
-hypotonic and alkaline urine
131
Normal RBC in normal urine is ...
0-2 cells/hpf
132
How much more RBCs in the urine is considered abnormal
3 cells/hpf
133
Source of identification error in RBCs
-yeast cells
- oil droplets
- air bubbles
134
Look-alike crystal of RBCs
Monohydrate calcium oxalate crystals
135
Urine condition: Crenated cells
concentrated urine / hypersthenuric
136
Urine condition: Echinocytes
Concentrated urine / hypersthenuric
137
Urine condition: Irregularly shaped
Concentrated urine / hypersthenuric
138
In this condition, cells appear as small, rough cells with CRINKLED edges
Concentrated urine / hypersthenuric
139
Urine condition: Ghost cells / swollen RBC
Diluted urine / Hyposthenuric
140
Hyposthenuric / diluted urine appears as ...
ghost cells / swollen RBCs
141
Urine condition: Dysmorphic or distorted RBC
Glomerular bleeding
142
This condition has cells that appear in varying size and are mainlly acanthocytes
Glomerular bleeding
143
In this condition, cells appear as small, rough cells with CRINKLED edges
Concentrated urine / hypersthenuric
144
In this condition, cells appear as CRENATED CELLS/ECHINOCYTES/IRREGULARLY SHAPED
Concentrated urine / hypersthenuric
145
In glomerular bleeding, the cells appear as...
dysmorphic or distorted RBC
146
This stain can be used to further analyze the dysmorphic RBCs
Wright's stain
147
Examples of ISOMORPHIC cells
- Normal cell / Discocyte
- Burr cell / Echinocyte or crenated cell
- Ghost cell
148
examples of Dysmorphic cells
- Acanthocyte or G1 cell
- Target cell / Codocyte
- Schistocyte / Shizocyte
- Stomatocyte
149
This is a.k.a Burr cell
Echinocyte or crenated cell
150
this is a.k.a G1 cell
Acanthocyte
151
This is a.k.a codocyte
Target cell
152
Bull's eye appearance; can be bell- or cup-shaped
Target cell / codocyte
153
Cell with central pallor that appears slitlike
Stomatocyte
154
T/F: The shape change in stomatocytes is "reversible."
T
155
Cell fragment often with two or three pointed ends
Schistocyte
156
Cell in a ring form (donut shape) with one or more cytoplasmic blebs (i.e., vesicle-shaped protrusions or bulges)
Acanthocyte
157
Cell with thin membrane and WITHOUT hemoglobin
Ghost cell
158
Cell with evenly spaced projections or spicules over cell surface; this "reversible" shape change progresses from a "crenated" disk to a "crenated" sphere
Echinocyte or crenated cell / Burr cell
159
T/F: The shape change for Burr cells are irreversible
F.
Reversible
160
T/F: WBCs are larger than RBCs
T
161
Average measurement size of WBC diameter
12 um in diameter
162
Term used to denote increase urinary WBCs and is associated with urinary tract infection (UTI), interstitial nephritis, and SLE
Pyuria or leukocytoruia
163
This is the predominant WBC found in urine
Neutrophils
164
T/F: Neutrophils lyse rapidly in dilute alkaline urine and begin to lose nuclear detail
T
165
What happens to WBCs in HYPOTONIC URINE?
- WBCs swells and become spherical balls
- lyse rapidly as 50% in 2 to 3 hours at RT
166
What happens to WBC in hypertonic urine?
- leukocytes become smaller as water is lost osmotically from the cells, but they do not crenate
167
These result from the breakdown of the cell membrane
Myelin forms
168
The presence of these are primarily associated with drug-induced interstitial nephritis
urinary EOSINOPHILS
169
T/F: Eosinophils are not normally seen in the urine
T
170
T/F: the finding of more than 1% eosinophils is considered significant
T
171
These cells predominate in urine from patients experiencing renal transplant rejection
Lymphocytes
172
Normal WBC value in urine
male: 0-5 WBC/hpf
female: 0-8 WBC/hpf
173
They are found in diluted or hypotonic urine
Glitter cells
174
This is a WBC with sparkling appearance due to Brownian movement of the granules
Glitter cells
175
Glitter cells are large cells that stain blue as opposed to the violet color usually seen with neutrophils
When stained with Sternheimer-Malbin
176
T/F: Glitter cells are of no pathologic significance
T
177
When stained with Sternheimer-Malbin, the large cells stain what color as opposed to the violet color usually seen with neutrophils
LIGHT BLUE
178
Originates from linings of the vagina and female urethra and the lower portion of the male urethra
Squamous Epithelial cells
179
these are the largest cells found in the urine sediment
Squamous epithelial cells
180
These contain abundant, irregular cytoplasm and a prominent nucleus about the size of an RBC.
Squamous epithelial cell
181
The may appear as flagstone-shaped with distinct cell borders
Squamous epithelial cells
182
This is the point of reference in microscopic analysis
Squamous Epithelial cells
183
They may occasionally appear folded, possibly resembling a cast, and will begin to disintegrate in urine that is not fresh
Squamous epithelial cells
184
T/F: Increased amounts of squamous epithelial cells are more frequently seen in males.
F.
frequently seen in females
185
These are pathologic squamous epithelial cell covered with the Gardnerella vaginalis coccobacillus
Clue cells
186
Clue cells are pathologic squamous epithelial cells covered with what?
Gardnerella vaginalis coccobacillus
187
To be considered a clue cell...
the bacteria should cover MOST OF THE CELL SURFACE and extend BEYOND THE EDGES of the cell
188
Transitional Epithelial cells is a.k.a
Urothelial or BLADDER EPITHELIAL CELLS
189
These cells originate from the lining of the renal pelvis, calyces, ureters, and bladder, and from the upper portion of the male urethra
Transitional epithelial cells
190
These cells are smaller than squamous cells and appear in several forms, including spherical, polyhedral, and caudate. These differences are caused by the ability to absorb large amounts of water
Transitional epithelial cells
191
What are the several forms of TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS
- spherical
- polyhedral
- caudate
192
They are 2 to 4 times as large as WHITE CELLS
Transitional epithelial cells
193
These may be round, pear-shaped, or may have tail-like projections
transitional epithelial cells
194
Occasionally, these cells may contain two nuclei
Urothelial
195
What form of transitional epithelial cells are sometimes difficult to distinguish from RTE cells?
Spherical forms of transitional epithelial cells
196
These can aid in in the differentiation of transitional epithelial cells
-presence of a centrally located rather then eccentrically placed nucleus
- supravital staining
197
T/F: Increased numbers of transitional cells seen singly, in pairs, or in clumps (syncytia) are present following invasive urologic procedures such as catheterization and are of NO CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
T
198
An increase in transitional cells exhibiting abnormal morphology such as vacuoles and irregular nuclei may be indicative of what?
indicative of malignancy or viral infection
199
these cells vary in size and shape depending on the area of the renal tubules from which they originate
Renal tubular epithelial (RTE) cells
200
T/F: the cells from the PCT are SMALLER than other RTE cells
F.
Larger
201
They tend to have a rectangular shape and are referred to as COLUMNAR or CONVOLUTED CELLS.
RTE cells
202
T/F: Cells from the DCT are SMALLER than those from the PCT, and are round or oval
T
203
These cells are cuboidal and are NEVER ROUND.
Collecting duct RTE cells
204
These are cells from the collecting duct that appear in groups of three or more
Renal fragments
205
These are indication of severe tubular injury with basement membrane disruption
Renal fragments
206
This condition is seen in the presence of more than 2 RTE/HPF
Tubular injury
207
These are the MOST CLINICALLY significant of the epithelial cells
RTE cells
208
The presence of increased amounts of RTE cells is indicative of what?
indicative of necrosis of the renal tubules
209
These are the precurosr of oval fat bodies
RTE cells
210
What are the 3 locations of RTE cell?
- PCT
- DCT
- Collecting Duct
211
What is the appearance of RTE cells located in the PCT?
Rectangular
212
What is the appearance of RTE cells located in the DCT?
Round or oval
213
What is the appearance of RTE cells located in the collecting duct?
Cuboidal and can be seen as large sheets of cells
214
These are RTE cells containing large, nonlipid-filled vacuoles that is mainly associated with Acute Tubular necrosis
Bubble cells
215
Bubble cells are RTE cells containing large, nonlipid-filled vacuoles that is mainly associated with what?
Acute tubular necrosis
216
These appear to represent injured cells in which the endoplasmic reticulum has dilated prior to cell death
Bubble cells
217
These are lipid-containing RTE cells
Oval fat bodies
218
These are highly refractile RTE cells
Oval fat bodies
219
They are usually seen in conjunction with free-floating fat droplets
Oval fat bodies
220
How is the identification of oval fat bodies confirmed?
1- by staining the sedimen with Sudan III or Oil Red O fat stains
2- examining the sediment using POLARIZED MICROSCOPY
221
In Oval fat bodies, the examination of the sediment using polarized light results in the appearance of characteristic what??
Maltese cross formations
222
These cells are present in disorders such as: Nephrotic syndrom, DM, Severe Tubular necrosis, trauma cases that cause release of bone marrow fat from the long bones
Oval fat bodies
223
T/F: In lipid-storage diseases, large fat-laden histiocytes may also be present in urine.
T.
224
How can large fat-laden histiocytes be differentiated from oval fat bodies?
By their large size
225
These appear as small spherical and rod-shaped structures in the urine
Bacteria
226
T/F: Bacteria are normally present in the urine
F.
NOT NORMALLY present
227
To be considered significant for UTI, what should be present in the urine?
Bacteria accompanied by WBCs
228
T/F: Bacteria in the urine are motile.
T.
229
They are useful from similar appearance, amorphous urates and phosphates
Bacteria
230
T/F: The actual bacteria producing UTI cannot be identified with the microscopic examination
T.
231
These cells appear in the urine as small, refractile oval structures that may or may not contain a bud
Yeast cells
232
In severe infections, these cells may appear as branched mycelial forms
Yeast cells
233
Yeast cells, primarily this bacteria, are seen in the urine of diabetic, immunocrompomised patients and women with vaginal moniliasis
Candida albicans
234
A true yeast infection should be accompanied by the presence of ....
presence of WBCs
235
What is the FAVORABLE urine condition for yeast cells?
ACIDIC urine and with GLUCOSE
236
Most frequent parasite encountered in urine
Trichomonas vaginalis
237
Bladder parasite, associated with bladder tumors
Schistosoma haematobium
238
Most common contaminant ova
Enterobius vermicularis
239
Observed in urine sediments as the result of fecal contamination of infected individuals
Cyst of Giardia lamblia
240
When NOT MOVING, this is more difficult to identify and may resemble a WBC, transitional/or RTE cell
Trichomonas
241
The use of this microscope technique may enhance visualization of the flagella or undulating membrane
phase microscopy
242
These are easily identified in the urine by their oval, slightly tapered heads and long, flagella-like tails
Spermatozoa
243
T/F: Urine is toxic to spermatozoa
T
244
T/F: Observation of exhibited motility are rarely obserbed when examining a semen specimen because urine is toxic to spermatozoa
T.
245
Spermatozoa are rarely of clinical significance except in cases of what?
- male INFERTILITY
- Retrograde ejaculation
246
This is the term when sperm is expelled into the bladder instead of the urethra
Retrograde ejaculation
247
This is a protein material produced by the glands and epithelial cells of the lower GENITOurinary tract and the RTE cells
Mucus
248
These appear microscopically as thread-like structures with a LOW REFRACTIVE INDEX
Mucus
249
The major constituent or matrix of the mucus
Uromoduliln / Tamm-Horsfall protein
250
T/F: Mucus is more frequently present in male urine specimens.
F.
more frequently present in female urine specimens
251
T/F: Increase in numbers of mucus are found in cases of UTI
T
252
These are found in the urine sediment 2 to 3 days after a severe hemolytic episode (e.g., transfusion reaction, paroxysymal nocturnal hemoglobinuria)
Hemosiderin granules
253
Hemosiderin granules are found in the urine sediment how many days after a severe hemolytic episode
2 to 3 days after a severe hemolytic episode
254
These may be found free floating or within macrophages, casts, or tubular epithelial cells
Hemosiderin granules
255
This is a.k.a Rous test
Prussian blue reaction
256
The Prussian blue reaction is a.k.a
Rous test
257
This is used to identify hemosiderin in the urine sediment and in tissues
Prussian blue reaction/Rous test
258
In a Rous test, how long should the urine stand at room temperature?
10 minutes
259
In preparing a Rous test, the urine sediment is suspended in a freshly prepared solution of what?
solution of potassium ferricyanide-HCl
260
presence of RBCs in urine
hematuria
261
what is the normal color of neutrophils in a sternheimer-malbin?
purple
262
What are the 2 possible appearances of RBCs in a hypotonic urine?
1-swells and becomes spherical balls
2- produces a Brownian movement, then has a sparkling appearance, and is then called a GLITTER CELL
263
What WBC is predominant in interstitial nephritis?
eosinophils (>1% eosino)
264
medical term for the presence of WBCs in the urine?
Pyuria
265
What type of cells are these: monocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, and histocytes
Mononuclear cells
266
What are the mononuclear cells?
- monocytes
- lymphocytes
- macrophages
- histocytes
267
Mononuclear cells are generally mistaken for what?
mistaken for RTE cells
268
T/F: Lymphocytes resemble as RBCs
T.
269
These are seen in cases of early renal transplant rejection
Increased urinary lymphocytes
270
These stains can be used to diff. mononuclear cells from RTE cells
supravital stain & acetic acid
271
Considered as the largest sediment in urine
Squamous epithelial cells
272
T/F: Squamous epithelial cells are significant when results are TOO NUMEROUS TO COUNT (tntc)
F.
Squamous epithelial cells are NOT significant kahit sobrang dami. Nagiging significant lang kapag merong kasamang bacteria na Gardnerella vaginalis
273
What is the precursor of clue cells?
Squamous epithelial cells
274
How to differentiate spherical transitional epithelial cells from RTE cells?
check the nucleus and can use a supravital stain
*for transitiona epithelial cells, the nucleus is CENTRALLY LOCATED. meanwhile, RTE cells have an ECCENTRIC nucleus
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out of the epithelial cells, these are considered SIGNIFICANT
Renal tubular epithelial cells
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what is the value of renal tubular epithelial cells that indicate tubular injury?
more than 2 RTE/HPF
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The most clinically significant of the epithelial cells
RTE cells
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Cuboidal RTE cells located in the collecting duct can be seen as large sheets of cells. The large sheet of cells is called ...
renal fragments
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The largest RTE cell is found/located where?
PCT
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RTE cells located in the PCT are referred to as ...
Columnar or convoluted cells
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Columnar or convoluted cells are located in the ...
PCT
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DCT RTE cells can be mistaken for what?
WBCs and spherical transitional epithelial cells
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These are associated with SEVERE TUBULAR INJURY
Renal fragments
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These are seen in cases of salicylate poisoning
Single cuboidal RTE
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Single cuboidal RTE are seen in cases of what?
in cases of salicylate poisoning
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This is the precursor of oval fat bodies
RTE
*monocyte/macrophage (2nd ans)
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When the appearance of the RTE is highly refractile and lipid filled, this is called ...
OVAL FAT BODIES
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when the appearance of RTE cells is vacuolated and non lipid-filled, this is called ...
BUBBLE CELLS
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These are non lipid-filled RTE
Vacuolated RTE
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These are lipid-filled RTE
Highly refractile RTE
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How to differentiate oval fat bodies RTE from oval fat bodies macrophages (fat-laden histiocytes) ?
check the size
*fat-laden histiocytes are LARGER in size
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What to check if T. vaginalis is not motile?
1 - check for motility
2- checl the flagella or undulating membrane
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In a Prussian blue stain, what color is positive?
BLUE
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