kModule 1

Question 1

Cells

Answer 1

came from Last Common Ancestor; always have a plasma membrane; may have a cell wall

Question 2

Viruses

Answer 2

genome may be exclusively RNA; are obligate parasites; outer layer is predominantly protein

Question 3

Technology that applies the power of microbes toward the manufacturing of industrial products, foods, and drugs

Answer 3

biotechnology

Question 3

This is a technique developed in the 1980s to make mass copies of DNA for study

Answer 3

PCR

Question 4

Newer technology that manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals to create new products and genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

Answer 4

Genetic Engineering

Question 4

These molecules were the first identified in the 2000s, and appear to play critical roles in regulating what happens in the cell

Answer 4

Small RNAs

Question 4

Process that involves the introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants

Answer 4

Bioremediation

Question 5

Discovered by Daniel Nathans, Werner Arber, and Hamilton Smith in the 1970s, these “molecular scissors” cut DNA in a controlled manner

Answer 5

Restriction Enzymes

Question 6

In the 2010s and beyond, this provided detailed information about the microorganisms that live on or in our bodies

Answer 6

Human Microbiome Project (HMP)

Question 7

TF: Bacteria are larger than human cells

Answer 7

False

Question 8

TF: Bacteria are only visible with an electron microscope

Answer 8

False

Question 9

The term used to describe a cluster of spherical bacteria is

Answer 9

staphylococci

Question 10

short plump rods

Answer 10

coccobacillus

Question 11

singly occurring rods

Answer 11

vibrio

Question 12

spiral shaped body

Answer 12

spirillum

Question 13

spring-like spiral cell

Answer 13

spirochete

Question 14

multiple branches off rod shape

Answer 14

filaments

Question 15

What general type of stain is used to separate types of bacteria based on their cellular structures

Answer 15

differential

Question 16

why must fresh cells be used when performing a Gram stain

Answer 16

old cells may not Gram-stain properly

Question 17

After Gram’s iodine is added, what color do the cells appear under a light microscope?

Answer 17

all cells appear purple

Question 18

When ethanol is applied correctly, gram-positive cells appear ___ and gram-negative cells appear ____

Answer 18

purple; colorless

Question 19

TF: The thinner peptidoglycan layer of gram-positive bacteria allows the crystal-violet-iodine complex to leave the cell

Answer 19

false

Question 20

the differential stage of the Gram stain is the application of ___

Answer 20

ethanol

Question 21

If the Gram’s iodine step was skipped in this technique, what would likely be seen under the microscope

Answer 21

Most cells would appear red/pink

Question 22

TF: All bacteria can be classified as either gram-positive or gram-negative

Answer 22

true

Question 23

Rod-shaped bacteria

Answer 23

can be either gram-positive or gram-negative

Question 24

Mitochondria likely originated from

Answer 24

bacteria

Question 25

Caused by fungi

Answer 25

Candidiasis; histoplasmosis; coccidioidomycosis

Question 26

Caused by protozoa

Answer 26

Amoebiasis; giardiasis; malaria; toxoplasmosis

Question 27

Caused by helminths

Answer 27

ascariasis; river blindness

Question 28

Life cycle of an enveloped virus

Answer 28

Adsorption> penetration(>endocytosis)> uncoating> synthesis (>nucleic acids> integration) > Assembly> Release (>exocytosis)> virions> tropism (starts over)

Question 29

smallest to largest: protozoa, helminths, viruses, bacteria

Answer 29

viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminths

Question 30

Enveloped viruses use glycoproteins called ____ to specifically bind with their host cells

Answer 30

spikes

Question 31

If you could design a drug to "hide" pr block sialic acid on respiratory cells, what stage of the life cycle of influenza would be directly impacted

Answer 31

Adsorption

Question 32

Why are CD4 counts related to HIV infection

Answer 32

HIV can only bind to cells with CD4 receptors

Question 33

Virus X can infect rodents and birds, whereas Virus Y infects humans. Which has a broader host range

Answer 33

Virus X

Question 34

Rabies virus has a ____ host a range as compared to Hep B virus

Answer 34

Broad

Question 35

which statements correctly apply to the unique characteristics of viruses

Answer 35

Viruses have a nucleic acid genome; however, it may be either DNA or RNA and the nucleic acids may be single or double stranded- viruses are species-specific and infect cells of all five kingdoms- while viruses are not considered living because they cannot direct their own multiplication, they are more than simply an aggregate of macromolecules since they can direct the behavior of living cells