Knee

Question 1

• The knee is made up of the ______ joint and _____ joint

Answer 1

tibiofemoral and patellofemoral

Question 2

• The medial condyle of the distal femur projects further (proximally/distally) than the lateral condyle.

Answer 2

distally

Question 3

• The tibia is rather (flat/round).

Answer 3

flat

Question 4

• When the knee is in full extension is when you have the (least/greatest) contact of femoral surface to tibial surface.

Answer 4

greatest

Question 5

• To determine if it is a right or left knee, look at the medial condyle projecting further (proximally/distally) and you can also look at the fibula that is (medial/lateral).

Answer 5

distally; lateral

Question 6

• The articular surface of the intercondylar notch is (fibrous/hyaline) cartilage. Anteriorly we see it covering most of the anterior region. In the posterior surface we don’t see any hyaline cartilage in the middle because of that notch. That is a (non-weight bearing/ weight bearing) zone of the distal femur that does not make contact with the tibia and is an area where ligaments attach.

Answer 6

hyaline; non-weight bearing

Question 7

• The _____ ligaments attach in the intercondylar notch.

Answer 7

cruciate

Question 8

• The linea aspera splits and creates the ____ and ____ supracondylar lines. Those lines along with the ____ tubercle are important aspects of the distal femur.

Answer 8

medial and lateral; adductor

Question 9

• The patellar surface of the femur is where the (condyle/patella) makes contact.

Answer 9

patella

Question 10

• The articular surface of the distal femur covers the medial and lateral condyles, but not the intercondylar notch because the ____ ligaments run in that space and it is also a non weight bearing zone.

Answer 10

cruciate

Question 11

• Hyaline cartilage is (radiopaque/radiolucent).

Answer 11

radiopaque

Question 12

• The (fibrous/hyaline) cartilage determine the height of our knee joints, ankle joints, and hip joints and when that wears away, that’ll be osteoarthritis or DJD which will lead to that bone on bone contact.

Answer 12

hyaline

Question 13

• The menisci are only tall on the (outside/inner) perimeter, not the (outside/inner) perimeter.

Answer 13

outside; inner

Question 14

• When we go into (flexion/extension) is when the patella makes contact with the patella surface of the femur (femoral groove).

Answer 14

flexion

Question 15

• On the proximal tibia, the medial condyle is (smaller/larger) than the lateral condyle from anterior to posterior.

Answer 15

larger

Question 16

• On the proximal tibia, the (patella/condyles) are the area of articular surface.

Answer 16

condyles

Question 17

• The tibial tuberosity is (anterior/posterior) on the tibia.

Answer 17

anterior

Question 18

• The intercondylar region of the tibia has a rough zone called the _____ and we have this area because it is an attachment site for the _____ ligaments and the horns of the ____. This area (is/ is not) covered in any hyaline cartilage just like we saw in the femur.

Answer 18

intercondylar eminence; cruciate; menisci; is not

Question 19

• The reason cruciate ligaments are called cruciate ligaments is because they cross each other. The way we name them is based on where it attaches on the (tibia/fibula).

Answer 19

tibia

Question 20

• The anterior cruciate ligament is named because its’ tibial attachment is (anterior/posterior), the posterior cruciate ligament has its’ tibial attachment (anterior/posterior).

Answer 20

anterior; posterior

Question 21

• Collectively, the cruciate ligaments provide stability in the ____ plane and the _____ plane.

Answer 21

sagittal; transverse

Question 22

The ACL is named because it attaches to the anterior portion of intercondylar region/area. It is more towards the (medial/lateral) side than the (medial/lateral) side. It starts from anteromedial on the tibial plateau, it goes superior, lateral, and then posterior.

Answer 22

medial; lateral

Question 23

The ACL attaches to the medial surface of the (medial/lateral) condyle of the (femur/tibia).

Answer 23

lateral; femur

Question 24

The PCL runs from posterolateral of the intercondylar region and it runs in an anterior, superior, and medial direction to attach on the lateral surface of the (medial/lateral) condyle of the (femur/tibia).

Answer 24

medial; femur

Question 25

The cruciate ligaments (are on/aren't on) tension throughout the range of motion due to those bundles that they have.

Answer 25

are on

Question 26

If the tibia is moving, the accessory movement the ACL will limit is (anterior/posterior) translation. If the femur is moving on the tibia, the accessory movement the ACL will limit is (anterior/posterior) translation.

Answer 26

anterior; posterior

Question 27

If the tibia is moving, the accessory movement the PCL will limit is (anterior/posterior) translation. If the femur is moving on the tibia, the accessory movement the PCL will limit is (anterior/posterior) translation

Answer 27

posterior; anterior

Question 28

The ACL attaches (medially/laterally) and (anteriorly/posteriorly) on the tibia.

Answer 28

medially and anteriorly

Question 29

When the tibia rotates laterally, the cruciate ligaments go on (tension/slack).

Answer 29

slack

Question 30

When the tibia rotates medially, the cruciate ligaments wrap around each other and the ligaments (increase/decrease) tension and become (tighter/looser).

Answer 30

increase; tighter

Question 31

In the transverse plane, the cruciate ligaments resist tibial rotation (medially/laterally).

Answer 31

medially

Question 32

Every motion of one bone is the (same/opposite) on the other bone.

Answer 32

opposite

Question 33

When the femur rotates laterally, the cruciate ligaments go on (tension/slack).

Answer 33

tension

Question 34

When the femur rotates medially, the cruciate ligaments will go on (tension/slack)

Answer 34

slack

Question 35

The MCL and LCL provide stability in what planes of movement?

Answer 35

Frontal and transverse planes

Question 36

The proximal attachment of the MCL is the posterior aspect of the (medial/lateral) femoral condyle. It runs anterior-inferior to attach on the tibia. It runs from femur to the tibia. It has superficial and deep portions to it. The (superficial/deep) portion blends with the fibrous portion of the joint capsule. It has attachments that go through the capsule to the (medial/lateral) meniscus of the knee.

Answer 36

medial; deep; medial

Question 37

The LCL attaches to the (medial/lateral) condyle of the femur, slightly anterior from its’ distal attachment on the fibula. It projects posterior inferior as it runs from the femur to the fibula. This ligament (does/ does not) blend with the fibrous capsule at all and (has/ has no) attachments to the meniscus.

Answer 37

lateral; does not; has no

Question 38

If the tibia is moving on the femur and there is medial rotation, the collateral ligaments go on (tension/slack). If there is lateral rotation the collateral ligaments get put on (tension/slack) and that is based on the angulation of their attachments.

Answer 38

slack; tension

Question 39

If the femur is moving on the tibia and there is medial rotation, the collateral ligaments go on (tension/slack). If there is lateral rotation, the collateral ligaments get put on (tension/slack) and that is based on the angulation of their attachments.

Answer 39

tension; slack

Question 40

The menisci in general are considered partial (cartilaginous/fibrocartilaginous) disks with their open ends facing medially. They are wedge shaped in cross section . Both menisci are only attached to the (tibia/femur), they do not have any attachments to the (tibia/femur).

Answer 40

fibrocartilaginous; tibia; femur

Question 41

In regard to the menisci, on each open end there is a ___ and they attach to the tibia by their ____.

Answer 41

horn; horns

Question 42

The menisci are all in that ______ region. They attach along the rim of the tibia by the _____ ligament. It is a little attachment that runs along the periphery of the tibial plateau.

Answer 42

intercondylar; coronary

Question 43

The medial meniscus is (C/S) shaped. Because it is (C/S) shaped the posterior and anterior horns are attached as far apart as possible which makes it a (C/S) shape.

Answer 43

C; C; C

Question 44

The medial meniscus has a firm attachment to the capsule and tight attachments on the periphery. Part of the (MCL/LCL) is attached to the medial meniscus.

Answer 44

MCL

Question 45

The posterior aspect of the (medial/lateral) meniscus is wider than the anterior aspect.

Answer 45

medial

Question 46

The lateral meniscus is (C/O) shaped and it has this shape because the horns attach close together in the intercondylar area.

Answer 46

O

Question 47

The lateral meniscus lacks a firm capsular attachment so it is (tight/loose) which causes it to move (more/less) than the medial meniscus.

Answer 47

loose; more

Question 48

The lateral meniscus (does have/ does not have) an attachment to the LCL.

Answer 48

does not have

Question 49

2/3 of the population have a (medial/lateral) meniscus that has an attachment to the popliteal muscle.

Answer 49

lateral

Question 50

The menisci deform and slide a little bit as the knee goes from (extension to flexion/lateral rotation to medial rotation) and vice versa.

Answer 50

extension to flexion

Question 51

The menisci are fibrocartilaginous and that creates a wedge that (increases/decreases) the concavity of the tibial plateau. So they provide (mobility/stability).

Answer 51

increases; stability

Question 52

The fibrous portion of the joint capsule at the knee surrounds (half of the/ the entire) knee , enclosing both joints (tibiofemoral and patellofemoral) at the knee.

Answer 52

the entire

Question 53

Another name for the patellar ligament is the patellar _____.

Answer 53

tendon

Question 54

Normally tendons run from muscle to bone but the patellar tendon runs from the ___ to the ____

Answer 54

patella to the tibial tuberosity

Question 55

(Anteriorly/Posteriorly), the fibrous capsule at the knee blends with the quadriceps tendon, the patella, and the patellar tendon

Answer 55

Anteriorly

Question 56

Anteromedial and anterolateral on the joint capsule at the knee, we find the patellar (tendon/retinaculum). On the lateral side the _____ tract has a portion of it that blends in with the lateral retinaculum.

Answer 56

retinaculum; ilitiobial

Question 57

(Anteriorly/Posteriorly) on the joint capsule at the knee, there is a defect in the fibrous capsule which is the _____ ligament. That part of the capsule encloses around the more proximal attachment of the popliteus muscle. With that defect there is another portion of it that comes down creating the oblique ____ ligament.

Answer 57

arcuate; popliteal

Question 58

The fibrous portion of the joint capsule at the knee attaches to the (MCL/LCL), not to the (MCL/LCL).

Answer 58

MCL; LCL

Question 59

The synovial portion of the capsule at the knee encloses (only one joint/both joints) of the knee and it is the (smallest/largest) and most complex synovial capsule in the body. It does not follow the same path as the fibrous capsule (the fibrous capsule wraps around the whole knee).

Answer 59

both joints; largest

Question 60

Anteriorly, the synovial capsule of the knee is pretty close to the fibrous capsule, except it is behind the patella and it runs just (superficial/deep) to the fibrous capsule in the medial side, the lateral side, and even on the posterior side. When you get to the posterior midline it dives deep towards the anterior portion of the knee, comes back around on itself to wrap around the ____ ligaments.

Answer 60

deep; cruciate

Question 61

The cruciate ligaments are intraarticular ligaments, they are intracapsular, and they are extra (fibrous/synovial).

Answer 61

synovial

Question 62

The synovial capsule (does/does not) enclose the cruciate ligaments, they stay outside. That is where the indentation comes from and that indentation wraps tightly around the cruciates.

Answer 62

does not

Question 63

The synovial layer of capsules (does/does not) have any blood vessels in the capsule.

Answer 63

does not

Question 64

If you tore your ACL, your ligaments have blood vessels, and because it is wrapped so tightly in that synovial layer, if you tear your ACL you are going to tear the (fibrous/synovial) layer of the knee and then blood enters into the capsule. That shows the importance of the cruciates not being intra synovial, but extra synovial.

Answer 64

synovial

Question 65

With the synovial capsule of the knee, there are several bursa. The two kinds of bursa there are, are a __ bursa and a ___ bursa.

Answer 65

true; false

Question 66

The names of the two false bursa are the _____ bursa and the _____ bursa.

Answer 66

suprapatellar; deep infrapatellar

Question 67

False bursa’s communicate with the (fibrous/synovial) cavity.

Answer 67

synovial

Question 68

The suprapatellar bursa communicates with the synovial cavity. The (suprapatellar/deep infrapatellar) bursa is deep to the quadriceps tendon and superficial to the distal anterior femur and fat pad.

Answer 68

suprapatellar

Question 69

If you treat someone with an ACL tear, they get big swelling at times in the (suprapatellar/deep infrapatellar) bursa because the fluid from inside the regular synovial cavity gets pushed up into it because there is a lot of fluid in it.

Answer 69

suprapatellar

Question 70

The (suprapatellar/deep infrapatellar) bursa is going to have a communication with the synovial cavity between the patellar ligament and the infrapatellar fat pad. Joint effusion (swelling in the joint ) can leak into this bursa as well.

Answer 70

deep infrapatellar

Question 71

The (true/false) bursa are separate from the knee synovial cavity.

Answer 71

true

Question 72

If you have ever seen anyone with a big ol bubble of fluid on their knee cap, that will be a (prepatellar/superficial infrapatellar) bursitis because they were either kneeling on that knee for too long or they banged it against something and it swelled up.

Answer 72

prepatellar

Question 73

The superficial infrapatellar bursa is on the (anterior/posterior) side of the patellar tendon between the tendon and the skin.

Answer 73

anterior

Question 74

On the back side of the knee there is a bursa named the (gastrocnemius/pes anserinus).

Answer 74

gastrocnemius

Question 75

On the medial side of the knee there is a bursa named the (gastrocnemius/ pes anserinus).

Answer 75

pes anserinus

Question 76

The three tendons that make up the pes anserinus are the ____, ____, and the _____.

Answer 76

semitendinousus, sartorius, and the gracilis

Question 77

There is a bursa that sits in the pes anserinus region and it is proximal to the distal portion of the (MCL/LCL).

Answer 77

MCL

Question 78

Under the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle is the (gastrocnemius/pes anserinus) bursa.

Answer 78

gastrocnemius

Question 79

If someone is diagnosed with a bakers cyst, it is in the (gastrocnemius/pes anserinus) bursa.

Answer 79

gastrocnemius

Question 80

(False/True) bursa are not attached to the synovial cavity.

Answer 80

True

Question 81

The (tibiofemoral/patellofemoral) joint is the distal end of the quadricep where the patella aligns with the femoral groove.

Answer 81

patellofemoral

Question 82

The lateral condyle projects further (anteriorly/posteriorly) on the patellofemoral joint.

Answer 82

anteriorly

Question 83

The femoral groove has a groove in it that matches with a ridge on the (anterior/posterior) aspect of the patella.

Answer 83

posterior

Question 84

The patella has two non articulating spots. It has the ____ fold that has no articular cartilage and the ____ fold has no articular cartilage on it. 2/3 of the patella on the (anterior/posterior) aspect is covered by articular cartilage. The (superior/inferior) 2/3 is covered by articular cartilage.

Answer 84

superior; inferior; posterior; superior

Question 85

The ridge on the patellofemoral joint creates a midline between the two sides and fits in with the ____ groove of the femur.

Answer 85

femoral

Question 86

The patellofemoral joint capsule is (the same as/ different from) the tibiofemoral joint capsule, nothing really changes, except it is just in the anteromedial and anterolateral region.

Answer 86

the same as

Question 87

There is no (fibrous/synovial) joint capsule for the patellofemoral joint capsule, just (fibrous/synovial).

Answer 87

synovial; fibrous

Question 88

The vastus lateralis along with the IT band attaches to the (medial/lateral) side of the patella. The vastus medialis attaches to the (medial/lateral) side of the patella.

Answer 88

lateral; medial

Question 89

The medial and lateral retinaculum are there in the patellofemoral joint capsule just like in the tibiofemoral joint capsule.

Answer 89

Got it

Question 90

Majority of pull on the patella is (medial/lateral). | If the quads all contract together, the pull should be (medial/lateral).

Answer 90

lateral; lateral