Know me slide 4

Question 1

macromolecules

Answer 1

Another level in the hierarchy of biological
organization is reached when small organic
molecules are joined together into
macromolecules.

Question 2

*Four main classes of macromolecules are:

Answer 2

1) Carbohydrates
2) Lipids
3) Proteins
4) Nucleic Acids

Question 3

Monomers and Polymers

Answer 3

A polymer (poly = many) is a long molecule
consisting of many similar molecular building blocks
called monomers (mono = one).

Question 4

The* vast diversity of life’s polymers

Answer 4

are constructed of

only about 40 to 50 monomers.

Question 5

Each class of polymer is formed

Answer 5

from a specific set

of monomers.

Question 6

Although organisms share the same limited number

of monomer types,

Answer 6

each organism is unique based

on the arrangement of monomers into polymers

Question 7

dehydration reactions

Answer 7

Monomers are connected into larger molecules by special

reactions called dehydration reactions

Question 8

Dehydration reactions also yield

Answer 8

a water molecule (-H + -OH)

Question 9

hydrolysis reactions

Answer 9

Polymers break down into monomers by hydrolysis reactions.

Question 10

Hydrolysis consumes

Answer 10

a water molecule.

Question 11

hydolysis

Answer 11

adds a water molecule, breaking a bond

Question 12

*Carbohydrates

Answer 12

include both simple

sugars and polymers of these.

Question 13

Monosaccharides “one sugar”

Answer 13

-Are monomers of carbohydrates
– Are the simplest sugars
– Can be used for fuel
– Can be converted into other organic
molecules
– Can be combined into polymers

Question 14

Examples of Monosaccharides

Answer 14

aldoses, ketoses, triose sugars, pentose sugars, hexose sugars,

Question 15

Sugars vary in the
position of
carbonyl groups

Answer 15

Sugars vary in the
length of carbon
skeletons

Question 16

Dissacharides

Answer 16

consist of two monosaccharides

joined by a glycosidic linkage

Question 17

glycosidic linkage

Answer 17

a covalent bond

formed by a dehydration reaction

Question 18

Polysaccharides

Answer 18

are sugar polymers that serve

many energy storage and structural functions.

Question 19

Polysaccharides can consist

Answer 19

of several thousand

monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

Question 20

Storage

Polysaccharides

Answer 20

• Starch is the major
storage form of
glucose in plants
• Composed of two
forms: amylose
and amylopectin

Question 21

Glycogen is the
major storage form of
glucose in animals

Answer 21

Highly branched
chain of glucose
monomers

Question 22

Cellulose,

Answer 22

the most
abundant organic
compound, is a long
chain of glucose.

Question 23

Cellulose has different glycosidic linkages than starch

Answer 23

Hydrogen bonding among cellulose molecules form them

into cable-like units called microfibrils.

Question 24

No animals possess
enzymes to break down
cellulose.

Answer 24

Some animals house
bacteria in their digestive
tracts that allow them to
digest cellulose

Question 25

Chitin

Answer 25

is a structural polysaccharide in the exoskeletons of insects and other arthropods

Question 26

chitin is used

Answer 26

to make a strong and flexible surgical thread that decompses after the wound or incision heals

Question 27

Chitosan derived from crustacean chitin

Answer 27

has many industrial, | agricultural, and biomedical uses.

Question 28

Chitosan derived from crustacean chitin

Answer 28

has many industrial, | agricultural, and biomedical uses.

Question 29

Lipids

Answer 29

Do not consist of polymers -Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules (little or no affinity for water) • Mostly composed of hydrocarbons (non-polar)

Question 30

3 *types of lipids

Answer 30

-Fats – Phospholipids – Steroids

Question 31

Fats

Answer 31

• Fats function in energy | storage

Question 32

fats

Answer 32

``` Constructed from two types of smaller molecules, a single glycerol and usually three fatty acids ```

Question 33

fatty acids

Answer 33

are composed of carboxyl functional groups and hydrocarbon chains

Question 34

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 34

-Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible (no double bonds) • Are solid at room temperature • Animal fats

Question 35

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 35

* Have one or more double bonds * Liquid at room temperature * Plant fats

Question 36

Phospholipids

Answer 36

``` are similar to fats but have only two fatty acids attached to glycerol. ```

Question 37

Because the two ends of phospholipids show different behavior toward water

Answer 37

they self assemble into bilayers and other boundaries between environments.

Question 38

phospholipid | bilayers.

Answer 38

The membranes of cells are phospholipid bilayers.

Question 39

Steroids

Answer 39

Steroids are lipids characterized by a carbon | skeleton consisting of four rings.

Question 40

Functional groups give steroids

Answer 40

various structural roles (e.g. cholesterol) and regulatory roles (e.g. sex hormones).