know your organ bactetia

Question 1

what are the bacterial species in the nose

Answer 1

staphylococcus aureus
staphylococcus epidermis
corynebacterium species

Question 2

what are the bacterial species in the throat

Answer 2

strep species
neisseria species
haemophilus species
mycoplasma species
branhamella catarrhalis
corynebacterium species

Question 3

what are the bacterial species in the large intestine

Answer 3

e colli
proteus mirabilis
klebsiella species
lactobacillus species
strep species
candida albicans
clostridium species
pseudomonas species
enterococcus species

Question 4

what are the bacterial species in the mouth

Answer 4

strep species
fusobacterium species
actinomyces species

Question 5

what are the bacterial species in the skin

Answer 5

staphylococcus epidermis
propionibacterium acnes
pityrosporum ovale

Question 6

what are the bacterial species in the vagina

Answer 6

lactobacillus species
strep species
candida albicans
gadnerella vaginalis

Question 7

what are the bacterial species in the urethra

Answer 7

strep species
mycobacterium species
e colli
bacteroides species

Question 8

what are examples of gram positive bacteria

Answer 8

staphylococcus aureus
alpha, beta haemolytic strep
enterococcus species
listeria monocytogenes
bacillus

Question 9

examples of gram negative bacteria

Answer 9

coliforms/enterobacterales
- e colli
- klebsiella
- proteus
- enterobacter

pseudomonas aeruginosa
neiserria meningitis
neiserria gonorrhoea
salmonella
vibrio
haemophilus influenzae
acinetobacter

Question 10

what is commensal bacteria

Answer 10

normal flora found in human body that is not harmful

Question 11

what are the 7 bacterial gastroenteritis

Answer 11

1. salmonella species
2. salmonella typhi/salmonella paratyphi
3. shigella species
4. campylobacter jejuni
5. ecolli
6. vibrio species
7. clostridium difficile

Question 12

what is coloninsation of bacteria

Answer 12

presence of bacteria with no infection usually in warm moist areas in body that are not harmful

Question 13

what is bacteria infection

Answer 13

invasion and multiplication of pathogens resulting in disease

Question 14

example of salmonella species

Answer 14

s enteriditis

Question 15

mode of transmission for salmonella species
prevention
cure

Answer 15

food
cure : self limiting

Question 16

mode of transmission of salmonella typhi (typhoid fever)
treatment
prevention

Answer 16

water borne
treatment : Abx
consequences : sepsis

Question 17

mode of transmission of salmonella paratyphi

Answer 17

person to person (ingestion of food and water contaminated by faeces/urine)

imported infection, not endemic in SG

Question 18

mode of transmission of shigella species
how to prevent
what’s the cure

Answer 18

person to person
prevention : maintain good hydration
cure : self limiting

Question 19

mode of transmission of campylobacter jejuni
what’s the cure

Answer 19

food (chicken)
cure : self limiting

Question 20

mode of transmission of vibrio species
what’s the cure

Answer 20

food (raw seafood/sushi)
cure : self limiting

Question 21

mode of transmission of clostridium difficile
what’s the consequences

Answer 21

1. Abx exposure - person to person
2. contaminated hospital environment

toxin megacolon, colitis, fatality

Question 22

what are the viral gastroenteritis

Answer 22

norovirus
rotavirus
adenovirus

Question 23

mode of transmission for norovirus
clinical presentation
cure

Answer 23

contaminated shellfish/water
human to human faecal oral or formites

clinical presentation : diarrhoea

cure : self limiting

Question 24

mode of transmission for rotavirus
clinical presentation
cure

Answer 24

person to person : common in children
most common paeds diarrhoea
cure : self limiting

Question 25

mode of transmission for adenovirus clinical presentation cure

Answer 25

person to person : 2nd common cause of paeds diarrhoea cure : self limiting

Question 26

what samples to send for bacteria gastroenteritis turn around time

Answer 26

stool for C&S 24-48 hours

Question 27

what is the bacteria that does not need c&s for stool collection

Answer 27

C diff. culture not performed because bacteria won’t grow

Question 28

what samples to send for viruses

Answer 28

enzyme immunoassay (EIA) or polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Question 29

what samples to send for parasites

Answer 29

stool for microscopy OCP - ova cyst parasites NO CULTURE

Question 30

what environment can h pylori survive well in

Answer 30

acidic gastric content environment

Question 31

what is peritonitis

Answer 31

perforation of intestines/gall bladder/other organs in abdomen

Question 32

peritonitis for perforation of intestines

Answer 32

coliforms pseudomonas aeruginosa anaerobes enterococci

Question 33

peritonitis associated with PD

Answer 33

Coliforms Pseudomonas aeruginosa Anaerobes Enterococci Candida AND Members of skin flora (usually Coag neg Staphylococcus) • Staph aureus • Other environmental bacteria (because of the plastic tube!)

Question 34

what is the clinical presentation of vibrio cholera

Answer 34

rice water stool

Question 35

common pharyngitis pathogen

Answer 35

viruses + group A strep

Question 36

complications of group A strep

Answer 36

rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease Abx for prophylaxis fever

Question 37

what is the prevention treatment for diptheria

Answer 37

vaccination - national vac programmes in developed countries Abx prophylaxis for close contacts

Question 38

sample to send for diphtheria

Answer 38

cultural of clinical specimen eg. nasopharyngeal or throat swab

Question 39

what is otitis externae

Answer 39

infection of external auditory canal - water trap causing infection

Question 40

bacteria responsible for OE

Answer 40

pseudomonas aeruginosa, staph aureus

Question 41

bacteria responsible for otitis media

Answer 41

haemophilus influenzae, strep pneumonia, staph aureus, grp A strep

Question 42

what is otitis media

Answer 42

obstruction of eustachian tube, following viral infection

Question 43

complications of OM

Answer 43

mastoiditis - infection of mastoid - can lead to brain abscess Abx given due to bacteria cause

Question 44

bacteria responsible for sinusitis

Answer 44

haemophilus influenzae strep pneumoniae

Question 45

pathogens responsible for conjunctivitis

Answer 45

• Staph aureus • Strep pneumoniae • Haemophilus influenzae • Pseudomonas aeruginosa (contact lens) bacterial person) N gonorrhea (serious, progress to keratitis) Viruses: Adenovirus, Enterovirus, HSV etc. Chlamydia trachomatis - STD in developed countries, transmitted by flies in poor countries! Parasite: Microsporidia - from soil

Question 46

pathogens responsible for keratitis

Answer 46

Bacteria - staph aureus, strep pneumonia, haemophilus influenzae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, N gonnorhea PLUS (coliforms, Group A Strep in some cases) Viruses - HSV commonest, VZV, EBV, Measles Fungi • Candida • Aspergillus (trauma related eye injury) • Steroid eye drop use Parasites Microsporidia - from soil Acanthamoeba - contact lenses cleaned with tap water