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Italy essay plans- Booklet 1 > Knowledge test > Flashcards

Knowledge test Flashcards

1
Q

How did Austria spread its control across the kingdom, both officially and unofficially??

A
  • The Austrian emperor had relatives in every state of Italy, as part of the civil services, police, politics etc
  • Unofficial= spy network that was widespread
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2
Q

What did Metternich famously say about italy??

A

“Italian affairs do no exist”

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3
Q

How many state leaders called for Austrian support during the 1831-32 revolutions and where were these revolutions??

A

5/6 state leaders including Duchess Marie Louise in parma

-modena/ Parma led by Misley and then the Papal States

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4
Q

What temporary changes were made in the Bologna revolution??

A

Reformed finacne and legal systems

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5
Q

When was Charles Albert defeated twice and where were these battles

A

Cuztozza in July 1848

Novara in March 1849

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6
Q

What was Mazzinian politics about and what did Mazzini do in 1833??

A

Nationalism and a revolution from below

-Tried starting a mutiny in the Piedmont army in 1833, ended with 12 executed

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7
Q

What organisation did Mazzini run, how many members did it have and what revolts was it involved in ??

A

Young Italy from 1830
50,000 members
-mutiny in Piedmont army
-Bandiero brothers 1844 (19 men with less weapons killed or arrested)

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8
Q

What was the Risorgimento with examples??

A

The cultural uplifting of the Italian people through anti-austrian and nationalist messages
eg Verdi who gave anti Austrian messages through opera
leopardi glorified liberty In his works

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9
Q

Why did the Risorgimento fail?

A

Italy was largely peasantry based and were apathetic to wider politics. only 2.5% of italy spoke Italian and the Risorgimento seemed too intellectual for the masses

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10
Q

Where was the carbonari based, how many members did it have and what message did it advertise

A

Naples, 60,000 members, wanted a constitution

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11
Q

Where was the spillo Negro and what messages did it advertise??

A

Papal States, anti-austrian and liberal (small scale)

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12
Q

What did Young Italy want for Italy??

A

A republic

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13
Q

What was the life expectancy in Naples and what was life like?

A

24, poor, pre industrial, rural, subsistence farming, disease, famine

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14
Q

What was the lazzaroni and what were their main motivations in the 1848 revolutions???

A

The name of southern peasants, motivated by hunger politics and a cholera outbreak in Palermo in 1848

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15
Q

Whatwere Sicily and Naples fighting for in 1848??

A

State Independence

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16
Q

How much of the kingdom was catholic and what did the pope teach to them??

A

90% was catholic, pope was reactionary and politically backwards so educated the lower classes through a resentment of unification

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17
Q

How did Azeglio want the country to be ran??

A

He wanted a revolution from above, where people already in a position of power aid Charles Albert in running a unified italy

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18
Q

What did Abe Gioberti want for the country??

A

He was a Neo-guelph who wanted the country to be ran by the pope (which was ironic because the first pope resented unification and Pope IX introduced his papal allocution after his short term reforms)

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19
Q

What happened in Milan during the revolutions and why??

A

The 5 Glorious days in Milan, Lombardy where people boycotted Austrian tobacco which Austria had a monopoly over

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20
Q

What happened after the Austrian uprising in Milan??

A

Radetzsky forced to withdraw to the quadrilateral

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21
Q

How did France intervene in the 1849 and when had they taken control??

A

Sent 20,000 catholic troops to protect the pope in 1849, they fought against Garibaldi and his Roman republic for 2 months before taking over in July 1849

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22
Q

What reforms did the new pope make in 1846?

A
  • Released 2000 political prisoners, crowd chanted O Pius summo
  • created elected body of advisors known as ‘consulta’
  • Asked God to bless Italia
  • Entered a customs union with Tuscany
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23
Q

What did the pope say in his papal allocution??

A

Charles Albert was the aggressor, he didn’t have the support of the pope for the war and should withdraw

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24
Q

When were Austria temporarily weakened?

A

During the 5 glorious days when Radetzsky was forced to withdraw

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25
Q

What was the statuto and what did it do for Piedmont??

A
  • First Italian constitution
  • Gave political freedom of speech
  • Attracted 30,000 diplomats from across Italy to Piedmont
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26
Q

What % of the population did the statuto represent??

A

2.25%

27
Q

How did the failure of the 1848 revolutions cause a rethink of nationalism??

A

The failure of nationalism so far showed that it needed a more national and inclusive approach

28
Q

What happened to Sicily and Naples after 1849??

A

They became unified

29
Q

Who led the roman republic, how long did it last and what did it introduce?

A

Saffi, Armellini and Mazzini
6 months
Slum clearance, ended censorship, ended church control and promised a constitution
a short term sign that positive political change could be implemented across italy

30
Q

What happened in modena and parma after the 1849 revolution ended??

A

Duke Francis VI returned to power, someone who had called on Austria to support him against nationalist uprisings.

31
Q

Which scientific organisation spoke in Italian and advertised moderate nationalism?

A

Congress of science

32
Q

Who tried to start a revolution in 1831 and where was it??

A

Mazzini/ garibaldi in Genoa

33
Q

How many people died from a cholera breakout 1830 and where??

A

Naples, 65,000 in late 1830

34
Q

What was the consulta??

A

An elected body of advisors created by the pope

35
Q

Why were the Austrians unpopular particularly in the north

A

-they collected 1/3 of their tax revenue from Lombardy and Venetia

36
Q

How did the reformed pope provoke Austria in the short term??

A

Austria occupied town of Fererra in July 1847, causing Pope to lodge a formal protest against them and refused to allow them to cross into Papal States.

37
Q

Who led the republic of Venice?

A

Daniel Manin, it was the last to fall in the revolutions

38
Q

How was Mazzini largely disconnected from Italian society?

A

he lived in Switzerland and London between 1834-1849

39
Q

What did Balbo believe?

A

That Piedmont should lead other states against Austria because they were the only state strong enough to do so, and Charles Albert should be the new king (although there was disagreement between whether CA should lead just the north or all of italy)

40
Q

What did Mazzini do in 1827?

A

joined the carbonari- 60,000 members in Naples

41
Q

What happened in 1847-48 which aides the spark of revolution??

A

Maize and wheat shortages and europe that worsened the lives of the south due to higher prices

42
Q

When was the papal allocution

A

April 1848

43
Q

What did Galetti do in Rome and when?

A
  • end of 1848

- introduced tax reform and constituente to decide on the future of italy

44
Q

When did Metternich resign and why

A

march 1848 after revolution broke out in Vienna

45
Q

When was General Radetzsky forced to retreat and why

A

March 1848 due to the 5 glorious days

46
Q

When were the 5 glorious days, how many people signed a petition for what, and what did Lombardy ask for?

A

March 1848

  • 10,000 people signed petition asking for liberal reforms
  • Lombardy asks Piedmont for an alliance
47
Q

Who were the reformisti and where did their ideas circulate?

A

Epitomised growing interests in social and economic reform

-Gli Annali and Politecnico

48
Q

What ideas and plans did the Reformers advertise?

A
  • stressed importance of economic growth
  • put forwards plans for schools, banks and common monetary systems
  • cheese and wine industries flourished and were deemed important in Gorgonzola and Chianti
49
Q

What did Machiavelli write and what did it advertise?

A

‘The Prince’ hatred of austrian rule

50
Q

What organisation in the 1840s spoke in Italian and advertised moderate nationalism?

A

Congress of science

51
Q

What prompted the 1830 revolutions

A

Abdication of Charles X and replacement by more liberal leader in France

52
Q

What happened in the modena and parma revolts?

A

Revolutionaries took over and formed provisional governments, and students demanded a constitution, causing Duchess Marie Louise to flee

53
Q

What two revolts were Garibaldi and Mazzini at together

A

Genoa 1831 and 1848

54
Q

What failed revolts was Mazzini involved in in 1850s (not 1853 and 1857)

A
  • Sicily 1851-52
  • Massa 1854
  • Palermo 1856
55
Q

What did Mazzini set up on his return to London and when?

A

society of friends of italy 1851

56
Q

Who committed suicide after what failed revolt?

A

Piscane in 1857

57
Q

What did Austria do in 1850s to stop Mazzini

A

Infiltrated his society and arrested members

58
Q

How many revolutionaries were shot by the Austrians

A

50

59
Q

What was demanded during the Sicilian revolution?

A

restoration of the 1812 constitution

60
Q

What was set up during the Sicilian revolution and what measures did it take?

A

the middle class set up provisional governments which burned tax records and freed prisoners

61
Q

How did Ferdinand take control over the south and what was he labelled?

A

He dispatched 20,000 soldiers and spent 3 days bombarding Messina, causing the Sicilian government to surrender
-King Bomba

62
Q

What aided the spark of revolution in Rome by the Pope and what happened as a result?

A

His papal allocution so that he didnt upset Austria, and then his anti-liberal PM Count Rossi was murdered by a mob

63
Q

Why was Charles Alberts army ineffective against Austria which showed another failure of nationalism?

A

-There were internal divisions between people from different states who chose there own state loyalties rather than trusting those from other states

64
Q

What did soldiers have to do to be accepted into CA’s army??

A

swear allegiance to Piedmont

Italy essay plans- Booklet 1 (8 decks)

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