KO4 Particle model of matter

Question 1

Define density.

Answer 1

The mass per unit of volume.

Question 2

In words, state the equation that links density, mass and volume.

Answer 2

density = mass ÷ volume

Question 3

In symbols, state the equation that links density, mass and volume.

Answer 3

ρ = m ÷ V

Question 4

State the standard units for volume.

Answer 4

Metres cubed (m³)

Question 5

State the standard units for density.

Answer 5

Kilograms per metre cubed (kg/m³)

Question 6

Name the three main states of matter.

Answer 6

Solid, liquid and gas

Question 7

Which state of matter is compressible?

Answer 7

Gas

Question 8

Explain why solids and liquids are not compressible.

Answer 8

Their particles are all touching.

Question 9

Describe the arrangement of particles in a solid.

Answer 9

Regular arrangement

Question 10

Describe the arrangement of particles in a liquid.

Answer 10

Random arrangement

Question 11

Describe the arrangement of particles in a gas.

Answer 11

Random arrangement

Question 12

Describe the motion of particles in a solid.

Answer 12

They vibrate without changing position.

Question 13

Describe the motion of particles in a liquid.

Answer 13

They flow over one another.

Question 14

Describe the motion of particles in a gas.

Answer 14

They are in constant random motion (in random directions, with a range of speeds).

Question 15

Which state of matter is the densest: solid, liquid or gas?

Answer 15

Solid

Question 16

Name the state of matter shown in each diagram.

Answer 16

A - solid

B - gas

C - liquid

Question 17

Identify the two variables that need to be measured to find the density of an object.

Answer 17

Mass and volume

Question 18

Describe how the volume of a cube can be established.

Answer 18

Measure the width of the cube with a ruler and then use the equation for the volume of a cube.

Question 19

Describe how the volume of a sphere can be established.

Answer 19

Measure the diameter of the sphere with a ruler and then use the equation for the volume of a sphere.

Question 20

Describe how the volume of a liquid can be measured.

Answer 20

With a measuring cylinder.

Question 21

Convert 1 ml into cm³.

Answer 21

1 ml = 1 cm³

Question 22

Describe how the mass of a liquid can be established.

Answer 22

Measure the mass of an empty measuring cylinder.

Measure the mass of the same container with the liquid inside it.

Subtract the values.

Question 23

Name the method that should be used to measure the volume of an irregularly shaped object.

Answer 23

Displacement method

Question 24

In the context of the displacement method for measuring volume, define displace.

Answer 24

To push out of the way.

Question 25

A student wants to measure the density of a metal cube. Outline a method to do this. Ensure the method would lead to valid results.

Answer 25

Measure the mass of the cube using a mass balance. Measure the width, height and length of the cube using a ruler. Calculate the volume of the cube using the mathematical equation. Calculate the density by dividing the mass by the volume.

Question 26

A student wants to measure the density of an irregularly shaped piece of metal. Outline a method to do this. Ensure the method would lead to valid results.

Answer 26

Measure the mass of the metal using a mass balance. Fill a measuring cylinder with a known volume of water. Place the metal object into the water and measure the new water volume. The volume of the object is the new volume of water minus the original volume of water. Calculate the density by dividing the mass by the volume.

Question 27

Name the changes of state associated with heating.

Answer 27

Melting, boiling and sublimating (and evaporating)

Question 28

Name the changes of state associated with cooling.

Answer 28

Condensing and freezing

Question 29

Name the change of state from solid to liquid.

Answer 29

Melting

Question 30

Name the change of state from solid to gas.

Answer 30

Sublimation

Question 31

Name the change of state from liquid to gas.

Answer 31

Boiling

Question 32

Name the change of state from gas to liquid.

Answer 32

Condensing

Question 33

Name the change of state from liquid to solid.

Answer 33

Freezing

Question 34

Explain the difference between boiling and evaporation.

Answer 34

Boiling happens at the boiling point when all of the substance changes state. Evaporation happens below the boiling point.

Question 35

Explain why mass is conserved during a change of state.

Answer 35

Particles are not lost or gained.

Question 36

Define physical change.

Answer 36

When a substance changes state, but does not change what substance it is.

Question 37

Are physical changes reversible?

Answer 37

Yes

Question 38

Define chemical change.

Answer 38

When a substance reacts with something and changes what substance it is.

Question 39

Are chemical changes reversible?

Answer 39

No

Question 40

Define internal energy.

Answer 40

Energy that is stored inside an object by the particles.

Question 41

Describe the relationship between internal energy, total kinetic energy of the particles and total potential energy of the particles.

Answer 41

internal energy = total kinetic energy of the particles + total potential energy of the particles

Question 42

State the part of the internal energy that changes if the temperature of an object changes.

Answer 42

The total kinetic energy of the particles

Question 43

Describe the relationship between the total kinetic energy of the particles and temperature of the substance.

Answer 43

The greater the total kinetic energy of the particles, the greater the temperature.

Question 44

State the effect on the state of a system if the total kinetic energy of particles changes.

Answer 44

Nothing, the state stays the same.

Question 45

State the part of the internal energy that changes if the state of a system changes.

Answer 45

The total potential energy of the particles

Question 46

State the effect on the state of a system if the total potential energy of particles changes.

Answer 46

The state changes.

Question 47

State the two things that can occur when a substance is heated.

Answer 47

The temperature can increase or the state can change.

Question 48

Describe the change in temperature of a substance during a change of state.

Answer 48

The temperature remains constant.

Question 49

State the two things that can occur when a substance is cooled.

Answer 49

The temperature can decrease or the state can change.

Question 50

In which state of matter is the internal energy highest?

Answer 50

Gas

Question 51

In words, state the equation that links the energy needed for a change of state, mass and specific latent heat.

Answer 51

energy needed for a change of state = mass × specific latent heat

Question 52

In symbols, state the equation that links the energy needed for a change of state, mass and specific latent heat.

Answer 52

E = m × L

Question 53

State the standard units for specific latent heat.

Answer 53

Joules per kilogram (J/kg)

Question 54

Define latent heat.

Answer 54

The total energy needed to change the state of a system (with no change in temperature).

Question 55

Define specific latent heat.

Answer 55

The energy needed to change the state of a system per kilogram (with no change in temperature).

Question 56

Define specific latent heat of fusion.

Answer 56

The energy needed to change the state of a system from solid to liquid, per kilogram.

Question 57

Define specific latent heat of vaporisation.

Answer 57

The energy needed to change the state of a system from liquid to gas, per kilogram.

Question 58

Which letter on the heating curve represents the section that shows melting?

Answer 58

B

Question 59

Which letter on the heating curve represents the section that shows boiling?

Answer 59

D

Question 60

Which letter on the heating curve represents the section that shows a solid increasing in temperature?

Answer 60

A

Question 61

Which letter on the heating curve represents the section that shows a liquid increasing in temperature?

Answer 61

C

Question 62

Which letter on the heating curve represents the section that shows melting?

Answer 62

E

Question 63

Which letter on the cooling curve represents the section that shows condensing?

Answer 63

B

Question 64

Which letter on the cooling curve represents the section that shows freezing?

Answer 64

D

Question 65

Which letter on the cooling curve represents the section that shows a solid decreasing in temperature?

Answer 65

E

Question 66

Which letter on the cooling curve represents the section that shows a liquid decreasing in temperature?

Answer 66

C

Question 67

Which letter on the cooling curve represents the section that shows a gas decreasing in temperature?

Answer 67

A

Question 68

State the effect on the temperature of a gas if the average kinetic energy of the particles increases.

Answer 68

The temperature increases.

Question 69

State the effect on the temperature of a gas if the average kinetic energy of the particles decreases.

Answer 69

The temperature decreases.

Question 70

Describe the cause of gas pressure.

Answer 70

The collisions of the gas particles with the walls of the container.

Question 71

State the effect on the pressure of a gas if the temperature of the gas is increased (with the volume constant).

Answer 71

The pressure increases.

Question 72

State the effect on the pressure of a gas if the temperature of gas is decreased (with the volume constant).

Answer 72

The pressure decreases.

Question 73

State the effect on the volume of a gas if the pressure of the gas is increased (with the temperature constant).

Answer 73

The volume decreases.

Question 74

State the effect on the volume of a gas if the pressure of the gas is decreased (with the temperature constant).

Answer 74

The volume increases.

Question 75

State the effect on the pressure of a gas if the volume of the gas is decreased (with the temperature constant).

Answer 75

The pressure increases.

Question 76

State the effect on the pressure of a gas if the volume of the gas is increased (with the temperature constant).

Answer 76

The pressure decreases.

Question 77

Explain why increasing the volume in which a gas is contained decreases the pressure.

Answer 77

The collisions of the gas particles with the walls of the container are spread over a larger area.

Question 78

In words, state the equation that links pressure and volume.

Answer 78

pressure × volume = constant

Question 79

In symbols, state the equation that links pressure and volume.

Answer 79

p × V = constant

Question 80

State the standard units for pressure.

Answer 80

Pascals (Pa)

Question 81

State the standard units for volume.

Answer 81

Metres cubed (m³)

Question 82

Define doing work on a gas.

Answer 82

Transferring energy to the gas.

Question 83

State the effect on the internal energy of a gas if work is done on it.

Answer 83

The internal energy increases.

Question 84

State the effect on the temperature of a gas if work is done on it.

Answer 84

The temperature increases.

Question 85

State the effect on the motion of particles in a gas if work is done on it.

Answer 85

The particles move faster.

Question 86

Describe how work can be done on a gas.

Answer 86

By applying a force to the gas, e.g. with a bicycle pump.