L: 33 Integration of metabolism

Question 1

Fate of G6P

Answer 1

1. G6P to G1P to glycogen via glycogenesis or glycogenolysis
2. G6P–> R5P via pentose phosphate pathway
3. G6P to F6P to pyruvate via glycolosis or gluconeogenisis

Question 2

Fate of Acetyl CoA

Answer 2

1. TCA cycle
2. FA synthesis
3. Ketone body synthesis

Question 3

Fate of pyruvate

Answer 3

made into:

1. Acetyl CoA
2. OAA
3. alanine
4. Lactate

Question 4

3 main decisions of metabolism

Answer 4

What to do with G6P, Acetyl CoA, and Pyruvate

Question 5

Preferred fuel source brain

Answer 5

Glucose (ketone in starvation)

Question 6

Preferred fuel source skeletal muscles resting

Answer 6

FA

Question 7

preferred fuel source muscle with exertion

Answer 7

glucose

Question 8

preferred fuel source heart

Answer 8

FA

Question 9

preferred fuel source adipose

Answer 9

FA

Question 10

PREFERRED FUEL SOURCE LIVER

Answer 10

Glucose, FA, AA

Question 11

Bodies fuel producers

Answer 11

Liver(glucose)
Adipocytes (FA)
Kidneys (Glucose-during starvation only)

Question 12

Bodies Fuel Consumers

Answer 12

Skeletal muscles
Brain
Heart

Question 13

primary fuel source of liver is?

Answer 13

FA NOT glucose

Question 14

Fed state

Answer 14

@ conclusion of meal stimulates energy production and storage

Question 15

Fast state

Answer 15

> 1 hr preferred metabolic fuel stores released for use

Question 16

Starve state

Answer 16

4-5 days w/o food shift to using fat stores (TAG) and derivatives (ketone bodies)

Question 17

AMPK

Answer 17

AMP-activated protein kinase

Question 18

When cell in fed AMPK is

Answer 18

OFF

Question 19

AMPK activator

Answer 19

Increased AMP

Question 20

AMPK inhibitors

Answer 20

Increased ATP

Question 21

AMPK activates

Answer 21

enzymes in energy-producing (catabolic) pathways

Question 22

AMPK inactivates

Answer 22

enzymes in energy-requiring (anabolic) pathway

Question 23

mTOR

Answer 23

mammalian target of rapamycin

Question 24

Effect on mTOR in fed state

Answer 24

mTOR is ON

Question 25

Activator of mTOR

Answer 25

insulin

Question 26

Inhibitor of mTOR

Answer 26

AMPK

Question 27

mTOR activates

Answer 27

enzymes in energy-requiring pathway

Question 28

mTOR inactivates

Answer 28

enzymes in energy-producing pathway

Question 29

AMPK activates

Answer 29

enzyme in energy producing (catabolic) pathways

Question 30

AMPK inactivates

Answer 30

Enzymes in energy requiring (anabolic) pathways

Question 31

enzyme regulator Sirtuins (SIRT1) activated when?

Answer 31

Increased NAD and decreased NADH

Question 32

What is the primary role of PPARgamma

Answer 32

stimulate lipid synthesis and improve insulin sensitivity

Question 33

Primary role of PPARalpha

Answer 33

fatty acid oxidation for fasting response

Question 34

Insulin is produced where? senses what? and delineates what action?

Answer 34

Pancreas Blood glucose Fed state

Question 35

Leptin released where? Sensor of what? Delineates what action?

Answer 35

Adipocytes TAG store sensor Full state

Question 36

Name two other shorter acting hormones that signal full state

Answer 36

Cholecystokinins (CKK) | Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1)

Question 37

what neurons recieve FED/FULL signals from leptin and insulin?

Answer 37

Anorexigenic

Question 38

What neurons receive Hungry signals from Ghrelin, Adiponectin, and PYY?

Answer 38

Orexigenic

Question 39

what does cortisol do in tissue

Answer 39

adipocytes-->release FA skeletal---> protein degredation Liver---> increase carboylase, increase gluconeogenesis

Question 40

If the liver has available glucose (fed) what happens

Answer 40

Increased rate of glucokinase and increased synthesis of FA/TAG

Question 41

Decreased availability of glucose in liver (starve) what happens?

Answer 41

Decreased rate of glucokinase and synthesis of ketone bodies

Question 42

Why can the liver produce but not able to use ketone bodies?

Answer 42

Lacks CoA transferase

Question 43

Describe VLDL

Answer 43

From the Liver going to Adipocytes completed TAG transport low protein high TAG low cholesterol

Question 44

Describe LDL

Answer 44

**Bad Cholesterol**From VLDL going to all cells to distribute cholesterol medium protein low TAG Low cholesterol but high cholesterol ester

Question 45

Discribe HDL

Answer 45

``` **Good Cholesterol**from empty liver going to full liver collecting cholesterol High protein low TAG low Cholesterol Medium cholesterol ester ```