L 4 - 5

Question 1

what is a dominant strategy

Answer 1

a strategy that cannot make someone worse off than acting otherwise but it can make him better off

Question 2

when is inference to the best explanation used?

Answer 2

when there is not a single criterion to asses a good (enough) reason to believe the conclusion

Question 3

what is the aim of the best explanation method

Answer 3

find other rational value in an argument even if it doesn’t fit the absolute standard of validity

Question 4

what is the basic principle of truth?

Answer 4

is true that P if and only if P

Question 5

name the 2 logical laws of truth

Answer 5

• bivalence

- non - contradiction

Question 6

explain bivalence

Answer 6

for every statement P either P id true or P is false

Question 7

explain non contradiction

Answer 7

there is no statement P such as P is both true and false

Question 8

which are the consequences of bivalence and non - contradiction

Answer 8

• every statement of the form P or not - P is true

- every statement of the form P and not P is false

Question 9

when is an argument honest in spirit ?

Answer 9

• the proponent of the argument cares about the truth of the conclusion
• believes that the conclusion is true
• believes that the premises are true
• wants to believe that the conclusion is true because the premises give a good reason to do so

Question 10

how does the indirect proof work?

Answer 10

to demonstrate not - P

accept P as true temporary in a sub argument, then to prove that not - P

Question 11

is indirect proof dishonest or honest in spirit?

Answer 11

honest in spirit

Question 12

name the 4 deviations from argument honest in spirit

Answer 12

• liar
• rhetorician
• obfuscation
• bullshitter

Question 13

outline liar

Answer 13

- x uses a statement s to tell lie to y
in and only if
- x presents s as true
- x intends that y should gold s as true
- x believes that s is false

Question 14

outline rhetorician

Answer 14

uses language to move the audience to accept the truth of a conclusion even if the means used have nothing to to with the propositional content of the premises.

Question 15

outline obfuscation

Answer 15

uses language to move the audience by making them think that there is knowledge, expertise or complexity so that they accept even without understanding the propositional content.

Question 16

outline the bullshitter

Answer 16

uses lies rhetorics and obfuscation to make the audience accept a proposition as true. he himself pays no attention to the truth value of the statement.