L02 The Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
What is the role of the larynx?
A
it is known as the voice box as it helps the person to make sound
2
Q
What is the purpose of the epiglottis?
A
prevents food and drink from entering the windpipe
3
Q
What is the trachea made of?
A
rings of cartilage
4
Q
What would happen without the trachea?
A
The person would not be able to breathe
5
Q
what are the bronchi?
A
The passageways that connect your windpipe to your lungs
6
Q
What are the bronchioles?
A
tiny air tubes in the lungs that branch off from the bronchi and end in the alveoli
7
Q
What are the alveoli?
A
Microscopic structures that branch from the bronchioles. This is where gas exchange takes place.
8
Q
How do the alveoli work with the capillaries?
A
They work with the capillaries to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs
9
Q
What is the flap of tissue at the top of the trachea?
A
Epiglottis, which covers the trachea when we are eating, to prevent food from entering the airway
10
Q
What is ATP?
A
Adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that carries energy within the cells
11
Q
What are the products of aerobic respiration?
A
ATP + CO2 + Water
12
Q
What are the malfunctions of the respiratory system?
A
- Asthma
- Emphysema (COPD)
- Cystic fibrosis
13
Q
What are the symptoms of asthma?
A
- breathlessness
- wheezing when breathing
- tight chest
- coughing
14
Q
What are the symptoms of emphysema (copd)?
A
- shortness of breath
- fatigue
- cough
- weight loss
- wheezing
- chest tightness
- swelling
15
Q
What are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis?
A
- reduced lung function
- frequent lung infections
- shortness of breath
- chronic cough
- stomach pain
- salty skin (babies)
16
Q
What are the physiological causes of asthma?
A
- caused by an inflammation of the bronchi, which causes a contact with trigger, the muscles tighten and an increase in mucus production
- overactive immune system
- allergens
- irritant chemical and fumes
17
Q
What is the main cause of emphysema (COPD)?
A
damaged alveoli
18
Q
How is emphysema (copd) caused?
A
- emphysema is caused by damaged alveoli
- smoking
- poor premature growth
- tuberculosis/HIV
- frequent respiratory infections from childhood
19
Q
What are the physiological causes of cystic fibrosis?
A
- caused by a genetic mutation in a gene on chromosome 7
- present at birth
- affects movement of salt and water in and out of cells
- protein produced by gene causes mucus to be sticky rather than runny
- there’s no cure
- reduced life expectancy
20
Q
What are the risk factors of asthma?
A
- family history of asthma
- exposure to allergies
- obesity
- occupational hazards
- pet hair
- cigarette smoke
- premature birth
- smoking/ pregnant woman smoking during pregnancy
21
Q
How does asthma lead to an increased risk of lung infections?
A
- the airways have narrowed and more mucus is flowing , leading to the bronchi becoming infected
22
Q
How is smoking a risk factor of emphysema (copd)?
A
- the chemicals in cigarettes damage the lungs and weaken its ability to function
- this can narrow the air passages and cause the airtubes to swell
- smoking can also destroy the air sacs in the lungs and damage the lining of the lungs
23
Q
What are the risk factors of cystic fibrosis?
A
- Genetic influences because children who inherit a CFTR gene with a mutation from each parent will CF.
- having two parents who carry abnormal CF genes and pass the abnormal gene to their child, is a risk factor of cystic fibrosis.
- If both parents carry the gene, 1:4 chance of their baby having CF
24
Q
What are the methods of monitoring asthma?
A
- regular peak flow readings - a handheld device that measures how fast you can breathe out. Lower than normal peak flow readings can indicate that your asthma is getting worse.
- FeNo tests - these tests can help identify allergic conditions, eg hay fever, that may be causing the symptoms
- Regular GP check ups
25
What treatments are there for asthma?
- reliever inhalers (blue) used when needed to quickly relieve asthma symptoms for a short time
- preventer inhalers (brown) used everyday to prevent asthma symptoms
- medication if chest infection
- oxygen - only short term for serious attacks
26
What are the lifestyle changes of someone with asthma?
- vacuum regularly
- use a humidifier
- avoid animals
- avoid cigarette smoke
- exercise with caution
- avoid duck feather pillows
27
How can emphysema be monitored?
- spirometry - this lung function test measures how much air you can breathe out and how quickly. It can help diagnose COPD, and determine its severity.
- pulse oximetry - this test uses a device places on your finger to measure the amount of oxygen in the blood
- MRI/ICT scan - to observe alveoli damage
- Regular check ups - stethoscope to listen to chest
- Blood test to exclude other infection
- Peak flow
28
What are the treatments of emphysema?
- oxygen therapy - helps reverse some of the effects of COPD, eg dizziness, confusion, fatigue.
- pulmonary rehabilitation - teachers exercise to improve breathing and exercise ability
- medication - bronchodilator/daliresp
- Physiotherapy
- Bullectomy - surgical procedure that removes area of damaged alveoli
29
What are the lifestyle changes of someone with emphysema/COPD?
- stopping smoking to allow the lungs to heal
- long term nicotine replacement therapy
30
How can cystic fibrosis be monitored?
- spirometry - measures the lung function in adults and children
- sweat test - a chemical and electrical stimulation are applied to the body to produce sweat, which is then tested for chloride levels. A chloride level of 60 millimoles per litre or higher, indicates CF
31
What are the treatments of cystic fibrosis?
- antibiotics to treat lung infections
- anti-inflammatory to reduce inflammation
- bronchodilators to open airways
- mucus thinners to clear mucus
- bronchial airway drainage - using a mechanical percussor or inflatable vest to help cough up
- physiotherapy to break up mucus
32
What are the lifestyle changes of someone with cystic fibrosis?
- avoid close physical contact
- clean equipment
- avoid sharing
- wash hands
- social distance
33
Define respiration
Respiration is a chemical reaction that happens in all living cells. It is the release of energy from glucose so that all other chemical processes needed for life can happen.
34
What is ATP used for?
It is used to provide energy for cell activities eg muscle contraction and nerve impluse transmission
35
What is the Krebs cycle?
The Krebs cycle is a series of chemical reactions that take place in the mitochondria in the cell
36
What are the waste products of anaerobic respiration?
Lactic acid and ATP
37
How are the alveoli adapted for gas exchange?
- Alveoli have a very large surface area to enable more diffusion of oxygen into the blood from the alveoli, and more carbon dioxide out of the blood into the alveoli.
- They are only one cell thick so that the diffusion distance is small.
- They have lots of blood capillaries to ensure a good blood supply to maintain concentration gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
38
Where does gas exchange take place?
in the alveoli
39
What is a diffusion gradient?
the rate of movement of gases
40
Oxygen is needed for cellular respiration. True or false?
True
41
What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
diaphragm contracts and moves downwards
42
What happens during exhalation? (5 things)
- Diaphragm relaxes and move upwards
- intercostal muscles relax, letting the ribs move downwards and inwards
- Volume of ribcage decreases
- Pressure inside the chest increase above atmospheric pressure
- Air moves out of the lungs
43
What happens to the rib cage during inhalation?
The rib cage expands as the rib muscles contract
44
What happens to the ribcage during exhalation?
The rib cage gets smaller as rib muscles relax
45
Do gas molecules move from an area of higher concentration to low concentration?
YES
46
What is the equation of aerobic respiration?
glucose + oxygen = co2 + water + ATP
47
What is the equation of anaerobic respiration?
glucose = ATP + lactic acid
48
Why do our cells need oxygen?
to create energy in order for them to function
49
What is cellular respiration?
the biochemical process that occurs inside cells to breakdown glucose and provide energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
50
What does aerobic respiration use?
oxygen and glucose
51
What does aerobic respiration produce?
carbon dioxide, water and ATP
52
What does anaerobic respiration use?
glucose
53
Which is most efficient at producing energy: aerobic or anaerobic?
aerobic
54
Does aerobic respiration involve Kreb’s cycle?
yes
55
Does anaerobic respiration involve the Kreb’s cycle?
No
56
How is lactic acid removed from the body?
By the liver
57
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
58
True or False: The diaphragm is a muscle that aids in breathing.
True
59
Fill in the blank: The main organ of the respiratory system is the ______.
lung
60
What are the two main processes of respiration?
External respiration and internal respiration.
61
Which structure is responsible for the production of sound?
Larynx
62
What is the role of alveoli in the respiratory system?
They are the sites of gas exchange
63
True or False: The trachea is also known as the windpipe.
True
64
Fill in the blank: The ______ system works closely with the circulatory system to transport gases.
respiratory
65
What is the term for the process of breathing in?
Inhalation
66
What is the function of the nasal cavity?
filters and humidifies the air we breathe
67
What is the main gas that humans exhale?
Carbon dioxide
68
True or False: The exchange of gases occurs in the bronchi.
False
69
Fill in the blank: The ______ is a flap that prevents food from entering the trachea.
epiglottis
70
What is the average respiratory rate for a resting adult?
12 to 20 breaths per minute
71
Which condition is characterized by the inflammation of the airways?
Asthma
72
What are the tiny hair-like structures that help move mucus out of the respiratory tract called?
Cilia
73
Fill in the blank: The process of ______ occurs in the mitochondria and involves the use of oxygen to produce energy.
cellular respiration
74
What is the primary muscle used during forced inhalation?
Intercostal muscles
75
Which respiratory condition is often caused by smoking?
Emphysema (COPD)
76
Fill in the blank: The ______ is the primary site for gas exchange in the lungs.
alveoli
77
Multiple choice: Which gas is primarily responsible for stimulating breathing?
Carbon dioxide
78
True or False: The bronchi are larger air passages that lead directly into the lungs.
True
79
What happens to the inter coastal muscles during inhalation?
intercostal muscles contract and move the ribs up and down
80
What happens to the volume of the rib cage during inhalation?
volume of ribcage increases
81
What happens to the pressure inside the chest during inhalation?
pressure inside the chest decrease below atmospheric pressure
82
What happens to the diaphragm during expiration?
relaxes
83
What happens to the inter coastal muscles during expiration?
relaxes
84
What happens to the pleural membranes during expiration?
contract as the lungs reduce in size as the air is breathed out
