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PSYC 271 > L04 Anatomy of the Nervous System > Flashcards

L04 Anatomy of the Nervous System Flashcards

0
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral Nervous System

Division of the brain located outside the skull & spine. It is composed of 2 divisions:

  • SNS (somatic nervous system)
  • ANS (autonomic nervous system)
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1
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system

Division of the nervous system located in the skull & the spine. It is composed of 2 divisions:

  • brain
  • spinal cord
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2
Q

SNS

A

Somatic Nervous System

Division of the PNS that interacts with sensory environment.

Made of afferent nerves (think approach, arrive) that carry the sensory signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, eyes & ears to the CNS.

Sensory signals from the environment (travel through the PNS) ——> CNS

Made of efferent nerves (think exit, escape) that carry motor signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscles.

Motor signals from CNS ——> (travel through the PNS) to skeletal muscles

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3
Q

ANS

A

Autonomic Nervous System

Division of the PNS that regulates the body’s internal environment.

Made of afferent nerves (think approach, arrive) that carry sensory signals from internal organs to the CNS.

Sensory signals from internal organs (travel though the PNS ——-> CNS

Made of efferent nerves (think exist, escape) that carry motor signals from the CNS to internal organs.

Motor signals from CNS ——> (travel through the PNS) to internal organs

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4
Q

Afferent nerves

A

Aka sensory nerves (think approach & arrive)

Carry sensory signals from the external environment or from internal organs to the CNS.

Found in the PNS. Input.

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5
Q

Efferent nerves

A

Aka motor nerves (think exit or escape)

Carry motor signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscles or to internal organs.

Found in the PNS. Output.

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6
Q

Describe the procedure that occurs when you see a bear?

A

Stimulus > picked up by the periphery via eyes > sensory signals sent by the PNS afferent nerves > travels to the CNS > received by CNS > efferent nerves send back a motor signal to the PNS > action carried out once it reaches the skeletal muscle

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7
Q

Sympathetic nerves

A

PNS —-> ANS —–> efferent nerves—–>
2 kinds of these autonomic motor nerves

  • fight or flight
  • second stage neurons (that get synapses on) are far away from the target neuron (because the target is short)
  • innerviates into the spinal cord in the middle 2 portions: thoracic & lumbar
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8
Q

Parasympathetic Nerves

A

PNS—–> ANS——> efferent nerves——>
2 kinds of autonomic motor nerves

  • rest & restore
  • second stage neuron (that is synapses on) is very close to the target neuron (because the target neuron is longer)
  • innerviates into the spinal cord at the high and low regions of the neck and the bottom: cranial & sacral
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9
Q

What is the pudendal nerve and example of?

A

PNS nerve in the SNS that causes “the endless O”

  • nerve randomly fires
  • stimulation to the clitoral dorsal nerve goes into overdrive
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10
Q

Decrease in secretion of salivary gland

A

Sympathetic

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11
Q

Increase in secretion of the salivary gland

A

Parasympathetic

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12
Q

Acceleration of heart rate

A

Sympathetic

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13
Q

Slow of heart rate

A

Parasympathetic

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14
Q

Blood vessels constricted

A

Sympathetic (blood vessels not intuitive RE: Forum post)

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15
Q

Blood vessels dilate

A

Parasympathetic

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16
Q

Penis ejaculates

A

Sympathetic response

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17
Q

Penis erection

A

Parasympathetic

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18
Q

Pupil contracting from iris sphincter muscle

A

Parasympathetic

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19
Q

Pupil dilates from iris radial muscle

A

Sympathetic (Think wide eyed when scared)

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20
Q

Tear gland no effect

A

sympathetic (too scared to cry)

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21
Q

Tear gland stimulated to secrete tears

A

Parasympathetic (emotions)

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22
Q

Sweat gland stimulated to secret

A

Sympathetic (think running)

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23
Q

Sweat gland no effect

A

Parasympathetic (relaxing not fricken sweating here)

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24
Q

Stomach & intestine stimulating secretion of bile and digestion

A

Parasympathetic

25
Q

Stomach inhibiting digestion and secretion of bile

A

Sympathetic (think blood away from digestive)

26
Q

Lungs bronchioles dilated / relaxed

A

Sympathetic (so that you can breathe more)

27
Q

Lungs bronchioles constricted and inhibition of mucous

A

Parasympathetic

28
Q

Arrector pili muscles erect hair & goosebumps

A

Sympathetic

29
Q

Dermatomes & importance

A

Map that shows which part of the skin is controlled by specific area in spinal cord.

  • important for diagnosing multiple sclerosis or nerve damage to know where to look for spinal cord/brain lesions or damage corresponding to what you feel
30
Q

Most nerves project from the spinal cord except for the:

A

12 cranial nerves which innerviate directly into the brain.

31
Q

Are the 12 cranial nerves sensory or motor?

A

Mixed

Exception: olfactory nerve and the optic nerve (think smell and sight)

32
Q

Longest nerve in the body?

A

Vagus nerve

33
Q

Spinal cord anatomy: grey matter

A

Blue butterfly

  • made of cell bodies
  • middle of spinal cord
34
Q

Spinal cord anatomy: white matter

A
  • around the blue butterfly

- made of myelin

35
Q

Spinal cord anatomy: Dorsal horn

A

Skinny top

  • sensory processing
36
Q

Spinal cord anatomy

A

Ventral horn:

  • motor processing
37
Q

Spinal reflex

A

Evolved as a protection so that the sensory signal can be intercepted faster by the spinal cord and a decision can be made by the spinal cord to perform a motor action to protect yourself. Example pain from heat.

Reflexes are a good indication of how your spinal cord is functioning.

38
Q

White matter & grey matter in the brain

A

Is opposite to that of spinal cord.

  • White matter inside
  • grey matter outside
39
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

Seen in insects (simple)

40
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

In sensory system

41
Q

Multipolar cells

A

Most common neuron that we label

42
Q

Interneuron

A

Close together because no axon

43
Q

Glial cells

A

~ as many glia as neurons not 10:1

4 types of glia

  • astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocyte
  • Schwann cells
  • microglia
  • glial cells play a large role in neurodegenerative diseases (ALS, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s)
  • einstein brain has much more glia
44
Q

Astrocytes

A

Type of glia:

  • shaped like a star
  • anchor neurons to blood vessel
  • stop certain chemicals in the blood from passing to the CNS (BBB)
45
Q

Oligodendrocyte & Schwann cells

A

Type of glial cell:

  • Myelination for protection & faster conduction
  • create myelin sheaths
  • OLIGO in CNS
  • Schwann in PNS
46
Q

Microglia

A

Type of glial cell:

  • respond to injury & disease to protect neurons
  • immune response kind of
47
Q

Parts of a cell

A
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • Golgi apparatus
  • ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
  • ribosomes
  • cytoplasm
  • microtubules
48
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains the cell DNA

49
Q

Mitochondria

A

Provide cell energy through sites of aerobic energy release (need oxygen).

50
Q

Golgi complex

A

Connected system of membranes folded on each other that packages molecules in vesicles

51
Q

ER endoplasmic reticulum

A

System of folded membranes in the cell body.
Rough ER - associated with synthesis of proteins
Smooth ER - associated with synthesis of fats

52
Q

Ribosomes

A

Intracellular structures on which proteins are formed on. Located on the ER.

53
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The intracellular fluid that surrounds the cell body

54
Q

Microtubules

A

Long skinny tubes responsible for the transport of cell material throughout neurons

55
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Spherical membrane packages holding neurotransmitter molecules ready to be released upon synapse

56
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Molecules released from active neurons and influence other cells

57
Q

NG2 glia

A

Found a specific type of glia that once removed from the brain, model organism displayed signs of depression.

2 strains of model organism (susceptible and resilient populations) were found once induced into depression.

Mice in the susceptible population had small amounts NG2 glia and other types of glia where resilient populations seemed unaffected in glia cells.

Shows that glia cells may be a precursor to other cells and the interaction between these glia cells is crucial to preventing depression symptoms.

Applications to future:

  • what we know now as the cause of depression may only be a symptom and we may have to dig deeper to design a treatment
  • compare the resilient vs susceptible populations more closely to see if we can prevent the susceptible population symptoms from occurring in the first place
58
Q

Golgi stain

A

Only 1% of the neurons pick up the stain which is good so that we can see the individual neurons at full length

  • silhouette (no internal details)
  • tells us about the shape
59
Q

Nissl stain

A
  • credal violet stain
  • RNA (negatively charged) turns blue
  • because they proteins are synthesized on the ribosomes which are in the rough ER, the ER turns most blue (picks up the stain)
  • neuron counting (esp when removing)
60
Q

Electron microscopy

A
  • high magnification
  • great details
  • uses beam of electrons
  • very expensive and need to be trained
61
Q

Tracing

A
  • developed in the 90s
  • fluorescent materials/protein into virus to infect the neuron to see where it’s expressed

-shows us where the cells are communicating

PSYC 271 (2 decks)

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