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PSYC 100 > L05: Human Genetics & Evolution > Flashcards

L05: Human Genetics & Evolution Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Nativism

A

Nature determines behaviour. Knowledge of the world is mostly innate.

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2
Q

Empiricism

A

Nurture determines behaviour. Mind is tabula rasa and all is learned.

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3
Q

Species

A

Group of animals that tend to mate and produce fertile offspring

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4
Q

Genus

A

Species that evolved from a common ancestor

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5
Q

Homo Erectus

A

1st homo that led to the evolution of humans

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6
Q

Homo neanderthalensis

A

2nd homo that led to the evolution of humans`

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7
Q

Homo sapiens

A

Humans

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8
Q

Out in Africa Hypothesis

A

Homo erectus is originally from Africa and migrated to explore Europe & Asia

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9
Q

Multiregional Hypothesis

A

More immigration waves out of Africa, eventually to Australia and America

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10
Q

Cognitive Revolution

A

Characterizes by an explosion in brain size

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11
Q

Consequences of the Cognitive Revolution (5)

A
  1. more time looking for food
  2. muscle atrophy
  3. premature birth
  4. cooking increase nutritional density
  5. unparalleled language
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12
Q

Agricultural Revolution

A

Hunter-gatherer > agriculture 8000 years ago

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13
Q

Consequences of the Agricultural Revolution (6)

A 
1. concept of ownership
2/ villages, cities, and nations
3. diet change became more monocultural
4. reduced knowledge of wider surroundings
5. work lifestyle
6. can sustain a greater # of kids
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14
Q

Scientific Revolution

A

Galileo, Bacon, Descartes, and others developed scientific method to understand nature with the aim to control it

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15
Q

Anthropocene

A

Proposed new epoch characterized by the human ability to modify the biosphere.

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16
Q

Nature

A

Knowledge of the world is mostly innate. (Descartes)

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17
Q

Nurture

A

Behaviour is determined by experiences and all is learned. (Locke)

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18
Q

Interactionism

A

Certain basic knowledge/ abilities are innate, but they can be influenced by experience. (Middle ground b/n nature and nurture)

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19
Q

Proximate Causation

A

Related to internal changes in an animal, such as hormones. Explains how an animal produces a behaviour (a goal of reductionism)

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20
Q

Ultimate Causation

A

Relates to evolutionary causes of behaviour. Explains why an animal behaves as it does.

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21
Q

Genes

A

Hereditable information allowing cells to function (found in DNA)

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22
Q

Chromosomes

A

Found within the nucleus of a cell, contains DNA

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23
Q

Diploid Set

A

Cells in the body with 23 pairs of chromosomes (non-reproductive cells)

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24
Q

Haploid Set

A

1/2 of each diploid pair, contains only 23 chromosomes (reproductive cells)

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25
Nucleus
The Center of control of a cell contains chromosomes & DNA
26
DNA
A complex molecule that contains genetic information
27
Alleles
Different forms of the same gene
28
Homozygous
Alleles code for the same phenotype
29
Heterozygous
Alleles code for different phenotypes
30
Innate behaviours of humans
Behaviours that are either present at birth or that develop rapidly as a child matures. Ex. inborn reflexes, attraction to novelty, desire to play & manipulate objects, basic cognitive skills
31
Baby Scheme / Kindchenschemas
Certain facial characteristics have a high appeal to humans, including the perception of cuteness, eliciting caretaking behaviour.
32
When does Baby Scheme / Kindchenschemas develop
3-6 years
33
Piloerection
Hairs stand up as a reaction to fright or cold.
34
Purpose of piloerection
Inherited from our ancestors who had fur, and makes us look bigger and scarier
35
Preference for cover
Unconscious use of environmental features for cover. (ex. sitting against a wall, children building caves & forts)
36
Innate Social Behaviour example
Stretching out hands to initiate contact and signal affection and caring. Comes from primate behaviour of social grooming.
37
Moro Reflex
Response to a sudden loss of balance/ support. Present at birth then disappears at around 3 months
38
Grasping Reflex
Human infants are able to support their own weight with this reflex. Reflects that primates would grasp their mothers and attach themselves to their fur.
39
Rooting Reflex
Touching/ stroking a baby's mouth leads to a head turn and opening of the mouth in the direction of the stroking. Helps the baby to find the breast and start feeding.
40
Laughing
We are born with this ability because blind and deaf people can laugh
41
Trait
Distinguishing quality or characteristic
42
Twin studies on intelligence
Found that monozygotic twins were similar in intelligence even if they grew up apart, demonstrating that intelligence is largely genetic (0.4-0.6 in children, 0.6-0.8 in adults)
43
Heritability
a measure of how well differences in people's genes account for differences in their traits (ranges from 0-1)
44
Dizygotic Twins
Two sperm fertilize two eggs, which become two zygotes (fraternal, do not have the same genes)
45
Monozygotic Twins
One sperm fertilizes one egg, which splits in two (identical, have the same genes)
46
Natural Selection
Organisms best adapted to their environment have a better chance of surviving and reproducing.
47
Rapid Multiplication
Organisms produce more offspring than can survive
48
Limited Resources
Organisms must compete for resources
49
Struggle for existence (3 types)
Intraspecific Interspecific Enviornment
50
Connection b/n Variation and Adaptation
More genetic variation = more likely to adapt
51
Survival of the fittest
NATURAL SELECTION | acts on phenotype
52
T OR F: Natural selection acts on the genotype
False: it acts on the phenotype
53
5 principles of natural selection
``` Rapid multiplication Limited resources Struggle for existence Variation & Adaptation Survival of the fittest ```
54
Prokaryotic cells
Unicellular, no membrane bound organelles
55
Eukaryotic cells
Specialized organelles surrounded by a membrane
56
T or F: Cells can make mitochondria
False: they elongate & split via binary fission
57
Endosymbiotic Theory
Eukaryotic cells arose from the symbiosis of singly living prokaryotic life forms
58
Evolutionary Psychology
Traces our commonalities to natural selection
59
3 problems with evolutionary psych
1. modularity - hard to reconcile w behavioral claimes 2. confirmation testing - little research to test genetic/environmental 3. single genetic model factors - doesn't explain traits that don't increase fitness
60
Mate selection according to evolutionary psych.
Males & females evolved different mating strategies Males- promiscuous Females- choosy
61
Symbitioic process
Symbiotic relationships between prokaryotic cells led to the development of eukaryotic cells
62
Spontaneous mutation
the result of errors in natural biological processes
63
Cross-over
the swapping of genetic material during meiosis
64
Denisovan
A recent addition to the Hominid Family Tree. Crossbred with Homo Neanderthals & Sapiens.

PSYC 100 (12 decks)

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