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SA Microbiology > L06: Musculoskeletal/Nervous System (Brown) > Flashcards

L06: Musculoskeletal/Nervous System (Brown) Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

Bone sites predisposed to infection

A
  • site of traumatic injury
  • areas of active growth with increased vascularity
  • sites with special vascular features (ie. Discontinuous epithelium in capillaries in vertebral end plates and metaphyses)
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2
Q

Primary cause of diskospondylitis

A

Hematogenous spread of systemic infection

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3
Q

Primary cause of vertebral osteomyelitis

A

Penetrating wound

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4
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the medullar cavity of a bone

-can be caused by hematogenous spread or post-trauma

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5
Q

Bone infections assoc. with intervertebral disk infections

A
  • osteitis
  • osteomyelitis
  • periostitis
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6
Q

Bacterial agents assoc. with arthritis

A 
Strep
Borrelia burgdorferi
Staph pseudintermedius
Mycoplasma felis
Mycoplasma spumans
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7
Q

Bacterial agents assoc. with diskospondylitis

A
  • actinomyces sp.
  • Strep
  • Brucella canis
  • Staph pseud.
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8
Q

Bacterial agents assoc. with myositis

A
  • strep (dog)
  • obligate anaerobes
  • Pasteurella multocida (cat)
  • staph pseud.
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9
Q

Bacterial agent(s) assoc. with necrotizing fasciitis

A

Beta-hemolytic strep (dog)

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10
Q

Bacterial agent(s) assoc. with osteomyelitis

A

Actinomyces
Brucella canis
Staph pseudintermedius

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11
Q

Bacterial agent(s) assoc. with polymyositis

A

Leptospira sp.

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12
Q

Most common cause of bacterial bone infection

A

Staphylococcal species (46-74%), usually staph pseudintermedius

Others:
-strep, gram - aerobes, anaerobes

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13
Q

Common clinical features with anaerobic osteomyelitis

A
  • follows fractures, trauma, or bite wounds
  • putrid exudate or gas in soft tissues
  • “sterile” cultures despite signs of infection
  • multiple microorganisms in gram-stained specimens
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14
Q

Agents of mycotic bone infections

A

(Usually via hematogenous spread)

  • cryptococcus neoformans
  • coccidioides immitis
  • Aspergillus species
  • Penicillium species
  • Blastomyces dermatitidis
  • Histoplasma capsulatum
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15
Q

T/F: synovial fluid aspirate often negative in septic joint

A

T

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16
Q

Abx for septic joints

A
  • based on C/S
  • penicillins, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides penetrate bone well
  • clindamycin penetrates bone and works well against grampos and anaerobic osteomyelitis
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17
Q

Fluroquinolones in tx of bone/joint infection

A
  • good bone penetration
  • not effective against gramnegs and mycoplasma under anaerobic conditions
  • avoid in immature animals - bad for growing cartilage
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18
Q

Components of central nervous system

A

Brain
Spinal cord
CSF
Meninges

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19
Q

Components of peripheral nervous system

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A
  • Cranial and spinal nerves that innervate muscles/effector organs
  • somatic sensory and autonomic divisions
20
Q

Nervous system infections most commonly involve CNS or PNS?

21
Q

Normal flora of nervous system

Study These Flashcards
A

NONE!

Can have latent infections of herpesvirus and distemper virus

22
Q

Natural anatomic antimicrobial defense mechanisms in nervous system

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A
  • brain, spinal cord
  • meningeal layers
  • BBB (capillary endothelial cell tight junctions)
  • blood cerebrospinal barrier (protects pituitary and choroid plexus)
  • blood nerve barrier (protects PNS nerves from inflammatory rxns)
23
Q

Nervous system immune defenses

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A
  • MHC expressed by astrocytes and microglial cells in CNS parenchyma
  • major function = immunosurveillance, NOT response
24
Q

Innate defenses of nervous system

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A
  • Complement (recruits leukocytes, kills via membrane attack complex)
  • Microglia cells (act as macs)
  • Dendritic cells
  • Astrocytes (produce cytokine)
  • Nerve cells (produce IFN)
25
Chars. Of infections of the nervous system
- most involve brain or meninges - other sites may be co-involved or act as targeted site - spinal cord involvement rare due to dec. blood flow - microbial toxins can act even if pathogen not present - injury from direct cytotoxic effects, inflammatory response, or both
26
Routes of infection to nervous system
- hematogenous most common - retrograde movement within neurons - extension of infectious process from contiguous sites - secondary to FB near head or spine - iatrogenic infection (ie. Contaminated spinal needles) - CSF if patient with bacteremia
27
Mechanism of CNS injury
- vascular damage (usually due to septicemia and bacterial embolization of the CNS) - brain parenchyma or meninges (inflammatory response, myelin formation)
28
CS of meninges lesion
Back rigidity, depressed mental state
29
CS of cerebrum lesion
Circling, behavioral changes, seizures
30
CS of brainstem lesion
Cranial nerve deficits, head tilt
31
CS of cerebellum lesion
Ataxia, tremors
32
CS of spinal cord lesion
Tetraplegia
33
Chars. Of meningoencephalitis
- meningitis + encephalitis | - CS of meningitis usually precede CS of encephalitis
34
CS of meningitis
- fever - hyperesthesia - neck rigidity - painful paraspinal muscle spasms +/- depression, blindness, paresis, ataxia, opisthotonos, CN deficits, seizures, dementia, agitation, depressed consciousness
35
Most reliable and accurate means of identifying meningitis or meningoencephalitis
Analysis of CSF
36
Rabies causes what CNS CS?
Aggressive behavior, paralysis
37
Pseudorabies virus causes what CNS CS in dogs?
Intense pruritus | Seizures
38
Pseudorabies virus causes what CNS CS in cats?
Hyperexcitability Paralysis Paresis
39
CNS CS of cryptococcus neoformans
Dogs: ataxia, head tilt, paresis, seizures Cats: ataxia, paresis, CN deficits, seizures *often the inflammation, not the pathogen itself causes the problems
40
Canine viruses that cause nervous system CS
Adenovirus 1 (seizures) Distemper (seizures, ataxia) Herpesvirus (seizures, depression, back m. Spasm)
41
Feline viruses that cause nervous system CS
Panleukopenia (ataxia) FIV (aggressive or psychotic behavior, seizures) FIP (ataxia, paresis, seizures) FeLeuk (abn. Vocalization, hyperesthesia, paresis)
42
Canine bacterial infections that cause CNS CS
Otitis (E. Coli, proteus, pseudomonas, staph, strep) --> vestibular dysfx Ehrlichia canis: ataxia, cerebellar/vestibular dysfx, seizures Clostridium botulinum --> flaccid paralysis, paresis Clostridium tetani --> back m. Spasm, seizures, tremors Rickettsia rickettsii --> ataxia, depression, vestibular dysfx, seizures
43
Treatment of nervous system infection
Little benefit except for animals w/ probably immune-mediated, steroid-responsive inflammatory CNS diseases, or animals w/ meningoencephalitis caused by rickettsia and certain bacteria -higher dosages of abx may be needed to maintain adequate conc. In the CNS
44
What type of abx rec. for tx of CNS infection?**
BACTERICIDAL (not static) Ampicillin, metronidazole, tetracyclines, TMS, fluoroquinolones, 3rd gen. Cephalosporins
45
Natural defenses of MS system
- circulatory immune system | - constant bone remodeling

SA Microbiology (10 decks)

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