L1+2 - Adverbials Flashcards
ADVERBIALS OF COMMENT
expressing opinion
clearly certainly apparently obviously actually basically (naturally)
ADVERBIALS OF DEGREE
how much
(enhancing/reinforcing & diminishing meaning)
very, quite absolutely ~= utterly almost entirely somewhat enormously extremly ~= utterly extraordinarily
ADVERBIALS OF MANNER
how
(describing the way/manner of sth)
slowly on foot; by ear properly incorrectly abruptly fluently involuntarily naturally (eventually) amazingly strangely clearly fairly presumably = reasonably assumed contentious = likely to cause disagreement or argument
ADVERBIALS OF TIME (≠ frequency)
when
first now overnight in the eighties in the beginning in the end, eventually within minutes beforehand
ADVERBIALS OF FREQUENCY (≠ time)
how often
never hardly ever rarely occasionally repeatedly regularly frequently constantly
POSITIONS OF ADVERBIALS
- manner, place, time
usually go AT THE END (after verb and object)
“I eat pizza quickly.”
exeptions:
adv of manner can go in the front position
to make an emphasis in written texts
“Hesitantly, she carefully unwrapped the parcel”
(adv of place/time only go at the beginning
to focus on where/when while making a contrast)
order: 1. manner 2. place 3. time
exeption:
adv of PLACE is necessary to complete
the meaning of the verb: “I came here on foot.”
POSITIONS OF ADVERBIALS
- frequency
- Phrases have an END POSITION
“I eat pizza every day.”- ONE WORD -adv of freq often have a MIDDLE position
“We have a test every couple of weeks.”
or elsewise an END position too:
“I go there regularly.” - AFTER MODAL/AUXILIARY and BEFORE MAIN verb
“I should never eat pizza before bed.”
“I do not always eat pizza.”
- ONE WORD -adv of freq often have a MIDDLE position
exeptions:
only go at the beginning to emphasize
how often sth happens while making a contrast
POSITIONS OF ADVERBIALS
- certainty
negative form
Many adv of certainty have a MIDDLE position, they
usually go AFTER AUXILIARY verbs
“I will probably eat pizza tonight”
Negative: adv go BEFORE CONTRACTED auxiliary verbs,
elsewise in the MIDDLE
“I definitely won’t eat pizza tonight.”
“I will definitely not eat pizza tonight.”
“I definitely will not eat pizza tonight.”
POSITIONS OF ADVERBIALS
- comment, linking
Comment and linking adverbs CAN go
AT THE BEGINNING ⇒ use a comma!
POSITIONS OF ADVERBIALS
What does one find very rarely in the MIDDLE position?
Which adverbs can only go in the MIDDLE position?
very rarely :
adverbial PHRASES
can only go in the middle position:
many adverbs of FREQUENCY:
- never, always, ever
certain TIME adverbs:
- just, still
POSITIONS OF ADVERBIALS
Which adverbs usually go in the END position?
usually in the end position:
adverbials of MANNER, PLACE, TIME
adverbial PHRASES of FREQUENCY
(some single-word adverbs of frequency)
POSITIONS OF ADVERBIALS
Which adverbs usually go in the FRONT position?
In which exeptional case do we find adverbials of time, place, frequency in the front position?
!
usually in the front position:
COMMENT and LINKING adverbs ++! plus comma !++
adverbials of time, place, frequency in the front position
are used to set the scene or change the focus
You mustn’t use “probably” at the beginning of a sentence!
POSITIONS OF ADVERBIALS
- degree
Adverbials of degree go DIRECTLY BEFORE the words they modify.
VOCABULARY:
dedication limit vs. limitation necessity (adjective & verb form) capability vs. capacity competence reluctance interference literacy exposure vs. exposition acquisition vs. acquaintance insight prestige
dedication = focus on realising a goal; perspnal tribute to sb
limit = maximum limitation = restraint, a restricting force/influence
verb: necessitate; adjective: necessary
capability = state of being capable (ability); potentiality
capacity = maximum amount that can be contained;
an individual’s mental or physical ability (skill)
competence = state of having sufficient knowledge,
judgment, skill, or strength
being reluctant = feeling or showing aversion, hesitation,
or unwillingness
to interfere = to act reciprocally so as to
augment, diminish, or otherwise affect one another;
to enter into or take a part in the concerns of others
- first language interference
being literate = able to read and write; (educated, cultured)
exposure = condition of being exposed: exposition = discourse designed to convey information
acquisition = act of acquiring (gaining) sth acquaintance = familiarity
insight = power to see what’s not evident to the average mind
(discernment - ability to grasp, comprehend the obscure
perception - implies quick or sympathetic discernment)
prestige = reputation/standing or importance/weight
in general opinion
- the prestige of knowing a second language
