L1 Flashcards
(25 cards)
bond type: ionic hydrogen dispersion hydrophobic
bond type: ionic hydrogen dispersion hydrophobic
A _______, also known as an amide bond, is a covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive amino acid monomers along a peptide or protein chain
A peptide bond, also known as an amide bond, is a covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive amino acid monomers along a peptide or protein chain
_______: (how much a electron like to receive)
Increase the ______, increase the pull to attract electron
Electronegativity: (how much a electron like to receive)
Increase the proton, increase the pull to attract electron
proton: ____ charge
proton: postive charge
Because they are \_\_\_\_\_\_, two adjacent H2O molecules can form a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_linkage known as a hydrogen bond. Hydrogen bonds have only about \_\_\_\_\_ the strength of a covalent bond. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ between partially charged atoms in a molecule
Because they are polarized, two adjacent H2O molecules can form a noncovalent linkage known as a hydrogen bond. Hydrogen bonds have only about 1/20 the strength of a covalent bond. attractions between partially charged atoms in a molecule
Although a water molecule has an overall neutral charge (having the same number of electrons and protons), the electrons are asymmetrically distributed, making the molecule polar.
Although a water molecule has an overall neutral charge (having the same
number of electrons and protons), the electrons are asymmetrically distributed,
making the molecule polar.
Substances that dissolve readily in water are termed hydrophilic. They include
ions and polar molecules that attract water molecules through electrical charge
effects
Substances that dissolve readily in water are termed hydrophilic. They include
ions and polar molecules that attract water molecules through electrical charge
effects
______ substances such as sodium chloride
dissolve because water molecules are
attracted to the positive (Na+) or negative
(Cl_) charge of each ion.
Ionic substances such as sodium chloride
dissolve because water molecules are
attracted to the positive (Na+) or negative
(Cl_) charge of each ion.
Water molecules are not attracted to such \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_molecules and so have little tendency to surround them and bring them into solution. hydrocarbon are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Water molecules are not attracted to such hydrophobic molecules and so have little tendency to surround them and bring them into solution. hydrocarbon are hydrophobic
Electrons have no \_\_\_\_\_\_ position in atoms, compounds and molecules (see image below) but have probabilities of being found in certain spaces (orbitals). If these are on alternate carbon atoms, the bonding electrons move within the molecule, stabilizing the structure by a phenomenon called resonance.
Electrons have no stable position in atoms, compounds and molecules (see image below) but have probabilities of being found in certain spaces (orbitals). If these are on alternate carbon atoms, the bonding electrons move within the molecule, stabilizing the structure by a phenomenon called resonance.
_________attractions are attractions between one molecule and a neighbouring molecule.
The forces of attraction which hold an individual molecule together (for example, the covalent bonds) are known as _______attractions.
Intermolecular attractions are attractions between one molecule and a neighbouring molecule.
The forces of attraction which hold an individual molecule together (for example, the covalent bonds) are known as intramolecular attractions.
electrons are mobile, and at any one instant they might find themselves towards one end of the molecule, making that end -. The other end will be temporarily short of electrons and so becomes +
electrons are mobile, and at any one instant they might find themselves towards one end of the molecule, making that end -. The other end will be temporarily short of electrons and so becomes +
The reason that the boiling points increase as you go down the group is that the number of electrons increases, and so also does the radius of the atom. The more electrons you have, and the more distance over which they can move, the bigger the possible temporary dipoles and therefore the bigger the dispersion forces.
The reason that the boiling points increase as you go down the group is that the number of electrons increases, and so also does the radius of the atom. The more electrons you have, and the more distance over which they can move, the bigger the possible temporary dipoles and therefore the bigger the dispersion forces.
Substances that release hydrogen ions (protons) into solution are called ____.
Substances that release hydrogen ions (protons) into solution are called ____.
weak acids—for example,
the group (), which dissociates to give a
hydrogen ion in solution.
weak acids—for example,
the carboxyl group (–COOH), which dissociates to give a
hydrogen ion in solution.
Substances that _____the number of hydrogen ions in
solution are called ____. Some _____, such as ammonia,
combine directly with hydrogen ions.
Substances that reduce the number of hydrogen ions in
solution are called bases. Some bases, such as ammonia,
combine directly with hydrogen ions.
Many bases found in cells are partially associated with H+ ions and are termed _____bases.
This is true of compounds that
contain an_______ (–NH2), which has a _____tendency
to reversibly accept an H+ ion from water, thereby
increasing the concentration of free OH– ions.
Many bases found in cells are partially associated with H+ ions and are termed weak bases.
This is true of compounds that
contain an amino group (–NH2), which has a weak tendency
to reversibly accept an H+ ion from water, thereby
increasing the concentration of free OH– ions.
_______like alcohols contain polar bonds that can form and mix well with water
Hydrophilic like alcohols contain polar bonds that can form and mix well with water
higher number of ______, meaning higher number of hydrogen. so more acidic
higher number of hydronium, meaning higher number of hydrogen. so more acidic
Ionization energy(energy require to pull the electron) Increase in proton, so increase
Ionization energy(energy require to pull the electron) Increase in proton, so increase
When an electron jumps from one atom to another, two ions of opposite charge are generated; these ions are held together by mutual attraction forming a noncovalent ionic bond
When an electron jumps from one atom to another, two ions of opposite charge are generated; these ions are held together by mutual attraction forming a noncovalent ionic bond
The most diverse and versatile class of macromolecules are proteins, which are formed from 20 types of amino acids that are covalently linked by peptide bonds into long polypeptide chains
The most diverse and versatile class of macromolecules are proteins, which are formed from 20 types of amino acids that are covalently linked by peptide bonds into long polypeptide chains
Noncovalent bonds form between the covalently linked subunits of a macromolecule such as a polypeptide or RNA chain causing the chain to fold into a
unique shape. These noncovalent bonds include hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions, van der Waals attractions, and hydrophobic interactions. Because these interactions are weak, they can be broken with relative ease; thus, most macromolecules can be unfolded by heating, which increases thermal motion
Noncovalent bonds form between the covalently linked subunits of a macromolecule such as a polypeptide or RNA chain causing the chain to fold into a
unique shape. These noncovalent bonds include hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions, van der Waals attractions, and hydrophobic interactions. Because these interactions are weak, they can be broken with relative ease; thus, most macromolecules can be unfolded by heating, which increases thermal motion
In general, a _________ can form whenever a positively charged H atom held in one molecule by a polar covalent linkage comes close to a _______ charged atom— typically an oxygen or a nitrogen—belonging to another molecule
In general, a hydrogen bond can form whenever a positively charged H atom held in one molecule by a polar covalent linkage comes close to a negatively charged atom— typically an oxygen or a nitrogen—belonging to another molecule
