Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Year 2 - T3 Theme 1 > L1 - An overview of immunology > Flashcards

L1 - An overview of immunology Flashcards

(40 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is an antigen

A
  • Anything the immune system to responds do
  • Usually protein
  • Not necessarily ‘bad’
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Function of an antigen receptor

A
  • Recognises the antigen
  • Fundamental basis of immunity
  • Basis of division into innate and adaptive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an effector mechanism

A
  • An action to respond to the antigen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Type of stem cells produced by the bone marrow

A
  • Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell differentiate into

A
  • Common lymphoid progenitor

- Common myeloid progenitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can the common lymphoid progenitor cell differentiate into

A
  • B cell
  • T cell
  • NK cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can a common myeloid progenitor cell differentiate into

A
  • Granulocyte/macrophage progenitor

- Megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can a granulocyte/microphage progenitor cell differentiate into

A
  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
  • Unknown precursor of mast cell
  • Monocyte
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do megakaryocytes differentiate into

A
  • Platelets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do erythroblasts differentiate into

A
  • Erythrocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into

A
  • Macrophages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What cells can differentiate to form immature dendritic cells

A
  • Hematopoietic bone marrow progenitor cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Function of neutrophils

A
  • Phagocytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Function of eosinophils

A
  • Helminth infections??
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Function of monocytes(circulating macrophage tissue)

A
  • Phagocytosis

- Antigen presentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Function of dendritic cells

A
  • Antigen presentation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Function of basophils (tissue-resident counterpart = mast cell)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Helminth infections
18
Q

Features of lymphoid lineage

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Similar size to RBC

- Little cytoplasm with few granules

19
Q

Functions of B cells

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Make antibody, antigen presentation
20
Q

Functions of T cells

Study These Flashcards
A

CD4 - Help other components of immunity

CD8 - Kill infected cells

21
Q

Type of immunity provided by T cells and B cells

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Adaptive immunity
22
Q

Features of NK cells

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Actually innate lymphocytes

- Direct lysis of infected cells and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

23
Q

Types of intercellular signalling

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Endocrine
  • Paracrine
  • Autocrine
  • Juxtacrine
24
Q

What are cytokines

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Cytokines are small proteins released by cells that have an effect on another cell
25
Why are cytokines important
- They are important for communication between cells of the immune system and between immune system cells and other cells and tissues
26
Cytokines vs Chemokines
Chemokines are similarly defined, but - Different structure, receptors and nomenclature - Main role is temporal and spatial organisation of cells and tissues
27
Key features of innate antigen receptors
Do not recognise antigen specifically - Pattern recognition receptors' (PRRs) - Recognise 'pathogen associated molecular patterns' (PAMPS) - Genome-encoded - Not clonally distributed
28
What do manose binding ligands bind to?
- MBL binds with high affinity to mannose and fucose residues with correct spacing - Mannose and fucose residues that have different spacing are not bound by MBL
29
Classical features of innate immune receptors/defences
Work quickly - first line of defence Adaptive immunity takes more time to be activated Unable to 'learn', as germline encoded and therefore cannot change - therefore no memory
30
Key features of adaptive antigen receptors
- Recognise antigen specifically - T cell receptor, B cell receptor (antibody) - Huge receptor diversity - Clonally distributed - Permit specificity and memory in immunity
31
How are adaptive antigen receptors produced
- Produced by random somatic recombination events between gene segments
32
Features of B cell receptors
- May be surface-bound or secreted | - Recognises intact antigen
33
Features of T cell receptors
- T cell receptor is very similar to the B cell receptor - Only a surface receptor on CD4 and CD8 T cells - Recognises processed antigen in the form of linear peptides
34
How do somatic recombination events occur
- T and B cell receptors are produced by random recombination events between V, (D) and J gene segments, producing a huge receptor diversity despite a small number of genes - The most useful receptors are selected after birth upon exposure to pathogens
35
What happens to clonally-expanded T and B lymphocytes after primary infection
- After primary infection, most clonally-expanded T and B lymphocytes die off; a few remain as long-lived memory cells
36
Examples of effector mechanisms
- Barriers (skin, acid pH in gut etc) - Cytokines - Complement - Phagocytosis(enhanced by opsonisation) - Cytotoxicity (CD8 T cell, NK cell) - Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity - Mast cell and eosinophil degranulation
37
Are effector mechanisms specific to types of immunity
- Effector mechanisms are shared between innate and adaptive immunity - Adaptive immunity is defined by its receptors, not by its effector mechanisms
38
How do CD8 T cells function
Antigens inside a cell are bound to class I MHC molecules, and brought to the surface of the cell by the class I MHC molecule, where they can be recognized by the T cell. If the TCR is specific for that antigen, it binds to the complex of the class I MHC molecule and the antigen, and the T cell destroys the cell. In order for the TCR to bind to the class I MHC molecule, the former must be accompanied by a glycoprotein called CD8, which binds to the constant portion of the class I MHC molecule. Therefore, these T cells are called CD8+ T cells
39
Features of acute inflammation
- Hot - Painful - Red - Swollen
40
Blood vessel changes that underlie the process of acute inflammation
- Vasodilatation - Adhesion molecules - Increased permeability - The clinical features are therefore defined by an interaction between the pathogen and host immunity

Year 2 - T3 Theme 1 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions