L1 - Anatomy, Histology, and Development Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
At what month of development do the testes begin to descend into the scrotum?
Via what do they descend?
A
7th month
via inguinal canal
2
Q
The testes develop from what specific part of the posterior abdominal wall?
A
The gonadal/genital ridges (retroperitoneal structures)
3
Q
What is cryptorchidism?
How often does it occur?
A
A failure of one or more testes to descend into the scrotum from the abdomen.
Occurs in 2-5% of newborn males
4
Q
What is the correct term for a failure of one or more testes to descend into the scrotum?
A
Cryptorchidism (Occurs in 2-5% of newborn males)
5
Q
A
6
Q
A
Rete testis - network/plexus of tubules linking seminiferous tubules (via straight tubules) to efferent ductules
7
Q
What is the approximate temperature in the testicles?
A
~32-35 degrees Celcius
8
Q
What is the rete testis?
A
A plexus or network of tubules linking the seminiferous tubules to efferent ductules (carry sperm)
9
Q
Describe the avascular component of the seminiferous tubules (4)
A
10
Q
Describe the interstitial compartment of the seminiferous tubules
A
11
Q
Leydig (interstitial) cells, make up what % of adult testis mass?
A
20%
12
Q
What are the general functions of the epididymis? (5)
A
Sperm maturation
Decapacotation (killing off the mutants/when those balls be full)
Motility
Transport
Storage
13
Q
Describe the macro appearance of the epididymis
A
3-4 cm long, comma-shaped, with a head, body, and tail
14
Q
How long is the epididymis tubule?
A
5 m
15
Q
What connects the seminiferous tubules to the efferent ductules in the head of the epididymis?
A
The rete testis
16
Q
A
Spermatic cord
17
Q
A
Ductus/vas deferens
18
Q
A
Efferent duct
19
Q
A
Rete testis
20
Q
A
Ductus epididymis
21
Q
A
Straight tubule
22
Q
A
23
Q
If the immature sperm are moving rapidly, how long does it take them to move through the epididymis and achieve maturation?
A
2-4 days
24
Q
The poorly developed tail of the epididymis contains the _____, which is continuous with _______
A
Ductus epididymis, which is continuous with the ductus deferens
25
What is the general histology of the epididymis?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
26
Principal cells in the epididymis have what roles and features? (4)
Non-motile stereocilia (microvilli)
Absorb excess fluid
Phagocytose degenerating sperm
Secrete chemicals for sperm maturation
27
What are basal cells in regards to the epididymis?
Small, round, stem cells that can create principal cells
28
29
How are spermatozoa transported from the testis towards the ductus deferens?
Peristalsis (smooth muscle cells)
30
What is the main role of the epididymis tail?
Mainly for absorption, secretion, and modification of tubular fluid - the stuff the spermy bois are suspended in.
31
The ductus deferens passes through what larger structure to reach the ampulla?
The ol' inguinal canal
32
What histological tissue type is the ductus deferens?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia
33
Why does the ductus deferens have thick circular and longitudinal muscularis layers?
Sperm is transported by peristalsis during 'rest' and by muscle contraction during the ol' ejaculation.
34
Ejaculatory duct
Formed by the union of the ampulla of the ductus deferens and by ducts from the seminal vesicles
35
What does the ejaculatory duct join?
The prostatic urethra
36
What type of histology does the ejaculatory duct have?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
37
State the various subclassifications of the urethra as it exits the urinary bladder and terminates in the penis. Also, include average lengths
Starts as urinary duct at the base of the bladder, embedded in prostate tissue
Prostatic urethra (2-3 cm)
Membranous urethra (1 cm)
Penile urethra (15-20 cm)
Total length: 18 - 23 cm
38
What type of epithelium does the urethra have and why?
Transitional epithelium - allows maximum extension, if you know what I mean
39
Where are the seminal vesicles located?
Posterior to the bladder, lateral to the ampulla of the ductus deferens
40
What type of epithelium do the seminal vesicles have?
Pseudostratified, non-ciliated, columnar epithelium
41
Why do the seminal vesicles have well-developed rER?
For protein synthesis and subsequent secretion
42
What % of semen volume is provided by the seminal vesicles?
60%
43
Describe the semen volume provided by the seminal vesicles and what its general properties are (7)
Whitish yellow, viscous fluid
Alkaline to neutralise vaginal acidity
Fructose and other simple sugars (for energy for the spermy bois)
Amino acids
Prostaglandins
Fibrinogen
Ascorbic acid
44
45
What is the bulbourethral gland?
What does it do?
Paired, pea-sized glands within the urogenital diaphragm.
Secretes thick, clear, alkaline mucus into the urethra to neutralise traces of acidic urine in the urethra.
Also has glycoproteins in mucus (pre-seminal fluid) for lubrication
46
Approximately how many prostatic ducts open into the urethra?
~20-30
47
What type of epithelium does the bulbourethral gland have?
Simple columnar epithelium
48
What is the specific name for the glands in the bulbourethral glands?
Tubuloalveolar glands
49
What type of epithelia does the prostate gland have?
Simple columnar/cuboidal/squamous/psuedostratified epithelia
50
What % of semen volume does the prostate gland contribute?
Describe its contribution
30%
Milky, alkaline fluid
51
What important contributions to semen composition does the prostate gland make? (4)
Clotting enzymes
Prostate acid phosphatase (PAP)
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) - a diagnostic marker for prostate disease
Citric acid (also a diagnostic marker)
52
What are the 3 zones of the prostate?
1. Peripheral zone
2. Central zone
3. Transitional zone
53
Describe the peripheral zone of the prostate gland (3)
70% of glandular tissue here
Most susceptible to prostate carcinoma and inflammation
Palpable during a rectal exam
54
Describe the central zone of the prostate (2)
25% of the glandular tissue of the prostate here
Resistant to disease
55
Describe the transitional zone of the prostate
Innermost zone surrounding the urethra
Site of prostate benign hyperplasia (PBH)
Nodular growth compresses urethra (dysurea)
56
Which zone of the prostate surrounds the urethra?
The innermost zone
57
Bulb of penis
58
Crus of penis
59
Glans of penis
60
Shaft of penis
61
State the three erectile tissue masses and where they start out
Dorsolateral pair known as **corpora cavernosa** which originate from the **crura**, as well as a ventral **corpus spongiosum** which starts at the bulb of the penis and ends as the glans
62
The glans penis (enlarged distal end of corpus spongiosum) is covered with?
Prepuce/foreskin
63
Superficial (subcutaneous) dorsal vein
64
Corpora cavernosa
65
Corpus spongiosum
66
Spongy/penile urethra
67
What two named muscles are in the scrotum?
1. Dartos (smooth) muscle
2. Cremaster (skeletal) muscle - deep anchored in spermatic cord. Contraction raises testes when cold and during ejaculation, relaxation lowers testes when hot
68
What is the role of the scrotum?
Protection and thermoregulation by pampiniform venous plexus
69
Dartos muscle
70
Pampiniform venous plexus
71
Bulbospongiosus
72
Ischiocavernosus
73
What muscle encloses the bulb of the penis/base of corpus spongiosum?
Bulbospongiosus
74
What muscle encloses the crura of the penis/ends of corpora cavernosa?
Ischiocavernosus
75
The bulbospongiosus muscle encloses?
The bulb of the penis/base of corpus spongiosum
76
The ischiocavernosus encloses?
The crura of the penis/ends of corpora cavernosa
77
Gubernaculum is a more specific name for?
The round ligament
78
79
What are the three subsections of the broad ligament?
80
The suspensory ligament of the ovaries links the ovaries to what structure?
Ovaries to pelvic wall
81
What does the ovarian ligament link the ovaries to?
Ovaries to uterus
82
What ligament links the uterus to the sacrum?
Uterosacral ligament
83
In women, what does the round ligament connect?
Uterus to labia majora
Called gubernaculum in fetal life
84
How does the parietal peritoneum form both the vesicouterine pouch and the rectouterine pouch?
85
86
Which part of the ovary contains the follicles enclosing the oocytes (gametes)?
The ovarian cortex
87
How is blood supplied to the ovaries?
Ovarian arteries and veins travel within suspensory ligaments and mesovarium; entering/exiting at the ovarian hilum
88
Where do the ovaries lie?
89
What are the boundaries of the ovarian fossa?
90
The ovarian ligament is continuous with what ligament anteriorly?
The round ligament of the uterus
91
Which two ligaments in females are remnants of the gubernaculum?
Round ligament and ovarian ligament
92
What type of epithelium is present on the surface of the ovary?
simple cuboidal epithelium
93
The cortex of the ovary (stroma) contains? (5)
94
The medulla of the ovary contains? (2)
95
96
97
Uterine/Fallopian tubes are 10 - 13 cm tubes comprising of what 4 sections?
98
Infundibulum of the uterine tube (this section includes fimbriae)
99
Ampulla of uterine tube/oviduct
Site of fertilisation and early embryonic development
100
Isthmus of uterine tube
Narrow and thick walled
101
Like the pic says, it's the uterine part of the uterine tube.
Short and intramural (within the uterine wall)
102
Describe the role and appearance of the infundibulum of the uterine tube
103
Describe the shape and anatomical regional relationships of the uterus
104
Describe the histology of the uterus
105
Describe the ligaments associated with the uterus, including their subsections
106
Describe the size and orientation of the uterus
107
What are the three layers of the uterus? Name from most superficial to deepest
1. Perimetrium
2. Myometrium
3. Endometrium
108
Describe the endometrial layer of the uterus
Mucosal layer
Histology - simple columnar epithelium
Thick glandular lamina propria:
Stratum functionalis - top 2/3 which undergoes cyclic changes
Stratum basalis - lower 1/3, germ cell layer
109
Describe the myometrium layer of the uterus
3 layers of smooth muscle (inner and outer longitudinal, middle thick vascular (stratum vasculare)
110
Describe the perimetrium layer of the uterus
Serous, visceral peritoneum covering the surface of the uterus
111
Stratum functionalis; can see spiral arteries, etc
112
Stratum basalis of uterus
113
Part of the myometrium of the uterus
114
115
Describe the blood supply of the various sections of the uterus
116
The cervix is located near the neck of \_\_\_\_\_, it is a narrow canal (1.25 cm wide) with ______ and ______ \_\_\_ (opening)
The cervix is located near the neck of **uterus**, it is a narrow canal (1.25 cm wide) with **internal** and **external** **os** (opening)
117
What is the histology of the endocervix?
Glandular simple columnar epithelium - continuous with uterine epithelium
118
Describe the histology of the ectocervix
Stratified squamous epithelium
119
Why would the endocervix have simple columnar epithelium, while the ectocervix has stratified squamous epithelium?
Stratified squamous epithelium of the ectocervix implies resistance to abrasive forces, such as during the bow-chicka-bow-wow, which suits its position as the more external of the two.
In contrast, the endocervix has simple columnar epithelium, which serves its glandular role well.
120
Oestrogen induces what in cervical mucous?
Progesterone induces what in cervical mucous?
Oestrogen induces thinning (easier for swimy bois to get through), as well as a 10-fold increase in mucous volume at ovulation time.
Progesterone induces thickening during luteal phase, making it harder for microorganisms to contaminate the environment
121
122
What is the transformation zone of the cervix?
A transitional zone between ectocervical (stratified squamous) and endocervical (simple columnar) epithelia
123
During reproductive age, the transformation zone of the cervix is located?
Outside the reproductive age?
During reproductive age = outside the external os
Postmenopausal and prepubertal age = within cervical canal
124
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ changes in the transformation zone of the cervix indicate \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
For this reason, _______ smears of exfoliated cells are used for screening \_\_\_\_\_\_
**Metaplastic** changes in the transformation zone of the cervix indicate **precancerous lesions**
For this reason, **Papanicolaou (Pap)** smears of exfoliated cells are used for screening **cancerous lesions of cervix**
125
Transformation zone in the cervix
126
What is the vaginal fornix?
127
What four muscles compress the vagina and act as sphincters?
128
It's important to note that the vagina has _____ \_\_\_\_\_ epithelium, and an absence of \_\_\_\_\_\_. Therefore, all _____ is done by the \_\_\_\_\_\_
It's important to note that the vagina has **stratified** **squamous** epithelium, and an absence of **glands**. Therefore, all **lubrication** is done by the **cervix**
129
What is the purpose of the transverse rugae?
Stimulate dat penis
130
Describe the various histological properties of the vaginal layers
131
Describe the anatomical relations to the vagina
132
What is the histology of the female urethra?
Upper part is transitional epithelium
Lower is stratified squamous epithelium
133
What structures in the female urethra are homologous to the male prostate gland?
Urethral glands and paraurethral glands
134
135
What is the vulva/pudendum?
Female external genitalia
136
What structures are within the female urogenital triangle?
137
What is the mons pubis?
138
Describe the features and role of the labia majora
139
Describe the features and role of the labia minora
140
141
Describe the role and features of the vestibule of the vagina
142
Describe the role and features of the clitoris
