L1: Concept, Evidences, and Theories of Evolution Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
Coined the term evolution
A
Herbert Spencer
2
Q
The word evolution was derived from the Latin word […], meaning […] and […]
A
- evolvere
- e means out
- volvere means to roll or unfold
3
Q
When did Herbert Spencer’s first writings on evolution come about?
A
1851, eight years before Darwin’s On the Origin of Species
4
Q
Described as changes through time in the physical or biological world
A
Evolution
5
Q
Evolution at the molecular level
A
Chemical Evolution
6
Q
Evolution at the level of physical objects
A
Physical Evolution
7
Q
Evolution at the level of stars and planets
A
Stellar Evolution
or
Cosmic Evolution
8
Q
Evolution at the level of living objects
A
Biological Evolution
9
Q
Defined as the process of gradual changes in organisms to form more and more complex forms over a long period of time
A
Evolutionary Biology
10
Q
Darwin defined as evolution as […]
A
descent with modification
11
Q
[…] defined evolutionary biology as the study of history of evolution of newer and more complex forms of life on the Earth from pre-existing simpler ones over a period of time.
A
Theodor Dobzhansky
12
Q
Introduced the term bioevolution or evolutionary biology or biological evolution or organic evolution
A
Ernst Mayr
(1970)
13
Q
The central idea of biological evolution
A
All life on Earth share a common ancestor
14
Q
Defined as the process of continuity of life with constant modifications
A
Biological Evolution
15
Q
An organism’s inherent tendency to change in response to changing environmental conditions
A
Adaptability
or
Adaptation
16
Q
The formation of several new species as a result of migration and adaptation
A
Divergent Evolution
17
Q
The development of common features among distantly related groups as a result of a common habitat
A
Convergent Evolution
18
Q
An evolutionary process by which different species of organisms tend to merge through a series of intermediate stages or grades
A
Intergradation
19
Q
The concept of evolution first appeared in the writings of […]
A
Ancient Greeks
- Empedocles
- Anaximander
20
Q
Proposed the theory of aquatic or marine origin of life
A
Thales
(624 - 548 BC)
21
Q
Proposed that all living beings have arisen from a primordial fluid or slime to which they ultimately return
A
Anaximander
(611 - 547 BC)
22
Q
Was called “the earliest evolutionist” by Osborn in 1894
A
Anaximander
(611 - 547 BC)
23
Q
Proposed that simple life forms preceded more complex life forms
A
Anaximander
(611 - 547 BC)
24
Q
Recognized that fossils are the remains or organisms from the past
A
Xenophanes
(576 - 480 BC)
25
Said that the existence of fossils of marine animals on dry land indicated that it was once under the sea and that life originated in the sea
Xenophanes
(576 - 480 BC)
26
Hailed as the "father of evolutionary idea" by Osborn
Empedocles
(504 - 433 BC)
27
Proposed that evolution of animals was a series of attempts by nature to produce more perfect forms
Empedocles
(504 - 433 BC)
28
The 4 mains points of Empedocles's proposition
- Higher forms of life evolved gradually
- Imperfect forms were gradually replaced by perfect forms
- Plant life came first, and animal life developed later
- Perfect forms were produced by the extinction of imperfect forms
29
Called "the greatest investigator of antiquity" by Locy in 1923
Aristotle
(384 - 322 BC)
30
Proposed that living things were animated by a vital force or guiding intelligence which operates constantly and improves and perfects the living world
Aristotle
(384 - 322 BC)
31
Suggested that the various organisms constitute a series, the so-called *ladder of life*
Aristotle
(384 - 322 BC)
32
A series in which organisms can be arranged in a sequence of increasing complexity from non-living matter through plants to plant-like animals or lower animals and then to high animals, with man at the top of it
Aristotle's Ladder of Life
33
The 4 levels in Aristotle's Ladder of Life (in ascending order)
- Non-living beings
- Plants
- Animals
- Humans
34
Introduced the concept of teleology
Aristotle
(384 - 322 BC)
35
A concept that states that the natural processes such as development or evolution are guided by their final stage or final goal
Teleology
36
The [...] indicates guidance of a process towards some specified end decided by an external mystical source
external teleology
37
The [...] indicates the end point of a process that has an understandable materialistic basis that develops from the process itself
internal teleology
38
[...] and [...] gave an evolutionary explanation of origin of plants and animals
- Epicurus (341 - 271 BC)
- Soretium (99 - 55 BC)
39
Reviewed the Aristotelian idea and presumed that new species could arise from old species through the degenerative process caused by the mutability in the species
Francis Bacon
(1561 - 1626)
40
Emphasized on variations as being the cause for the origin of new species from the old ones
Francis Bacon
(1561 - 1626)
41
Proposed the **Preformation Theory**
Jan Swammerdam
(1637 - 1680)
42
What is the **Preformation Theory**?
States that ova or sperm cells contain a miniature version of the adult in a preformed state called the **homunculus**
43
Who discarded the Preformation Theory by observing chick embryos?
Caspar Friedrich Wolff
(1759)
44
Suggested that development includes the division of one cell and the modifications in the cell produced by its division to form various organ systems
Caspar Friedrich Wolff
(1759)
45
A theory that states that an embryo develops by the gradual differentiation of undifferentiated simple tissues into organs
Wolff's Theory of Epigenesis
46
Contributed mainly on the nature and formation of fossils
Benoit de Maillet
(1656 - 1738)
47
Pointed out the similarities between aquatic and terrestrial forms and proposed that they have evolved from marine forms trapped in marshes
Benoit de Maillet
(1656 - 1738)
48
First to propose a general theory of evolution
Pierre Louis Maupertuis
(1698 - 1759)
49
Proposed that hereditary material was particulate matter, transmitted through both maternal and paternal sides of the family
Pierre Louis Maupertuis
(1698 - 1759)
50
Proposed the **Emboitement Theory** or **Encasement Theory**
Charles Bonnet
(1706 - 1793)
51
Discredited the Emboitement or Encasement Theory
Prevost
(1824)
52
Known as the "Father of Taxonomy"
Carolus Linnaeus
(1707 - 1778)
53
Believed in **special creation**, stating that species are created by God and are immutable and fixed entities
Carolus Linnaeus
(1707 - 1778)
54
Believed in the inheritance of acquired characteristics and the direct effect of the environment on the structural modifications of organisms
Georges-Louis Leclerc De Buffon
(1707 - 1778)
55
Postulated that volcanic activities bring magma up from Earth's molten interior which on solidification forms new igneous rocks
James Hutton
(1726 - 1797)
56
The theory that states that changes in the Earth's crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes
Uniformitarianism
57
Gave the first clear statement of the inheritance of acquired characters, according to which the effects produced by the environment on the organisms are transmitted to the offspring
Erasmus Darwin
(1731 - 1802)
58
A theory that emphasizes the influence of the environment on living beings which is inherited by the next generation
Lamarck's Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characters
59
Introduced the Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characters
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
60
A theory formulated to explain differences in the past and present forms of life and sharp discontinuities in the fossil records present in stratified rocks
Theory of Catastrophism
61
The 2 chief advocates of the Theory of Catastrophism
- George Cuvier (1769 - 1832)
- Orbigne (1802 - 1832)
62
Considered to be the Father of Paleontology and Comparative Anatomy
George Cuvier
(1769 - 1832)
63
Cuvier believed in [...], an idea that each species is fixed in its physical form which it doesn't change and placed in its current habitat from which it doesn't move
fixity of species
64
A theory that states that life has ever been in existence in the form as it exists today and will continue to be so forever
Theory of Eternity of Life
65
The 2 people who established the concept of uniformitarianism
- James Hutton (1785)
- Charles Lyell (1832)
66
The idea that changes on Earth occurred by small steps over long periods of time
Gradualism
67
When did Charles Darwin formulate the theory of *Origin of species by Natural Selection*?
1859
68
A theory that states that each and every cell of the body produces minute primordia called **gemmules** or **pangene** which are carried by the blood to the gonads where these accumulate in the germ cells
Theory of Pangenesis
69
A theory that states that there is always competition among males for the possession of females
Theory of Sexual Selection
70
The systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species
Sexual Dimorphism
71
The most common method used by humans for improving the races of domestic animals and cultivated plants and producing new varieties
Artificial Selection
72
Proposed that the cytoplasm of the animal body is differentiated into somatoplasm and germplasm
August Weismann
(1892)
73
A theory that states that the cytoplasm of the animal body is differentiated into somatoplasm and germplasm
Weismann's Theory of Continuity of Germplasm
74
**Weismann's Theory of Continuity of Germplasm**
Situated in the germplasm are minute complex structures known as [...]. The characteristics of the organisms are represented in the determinants in the form of minute physiological units called [...]
- determinants
- determiners
75
**Weismann's Theory of Continuity of Germplasm**
The germplasm is composed of [...], each of which contained a sufficient amount and variety of hereditary material to produce a complete organism of the relevant species
ids
76
Suggested that variations which are important for evolution are sudden and large, which he called **mutations** or **saltations**
Hugo de Vries
(1848 - 1935)
77
Proposed the Mutation Theory in 1886 for the origin of species
Hugo de Vries
(1848 - 1935)
78
Proposed that 'Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny'
Ernst Haeckel
(1811)
79
A theory that states that the stages of embryological development of an organism mirror the morphological stages of evolutionary development characteristic of the species
Recapitulation Theory of Haeckel
80
A theory suggesting that successive members of an evolutionary series become increasingly modified in a single undeviating direction, guided by some undefined or inherent mystical force
Theory of Orthogenesis
81
**Theory of Orthogenesis**
Believed in the presence of some mystical principle of progressive development in the living organisms which brings about the particular specialization
Karl Von Naegeli
82
**Theory of Orthogenesis**
Believed that lines of evolution are determined by laws of organic growth, aided by inheritance of acquired characters and proceed in a specific direction
Theodor Eimar
83
The theory that emphasized the role of isolation in evolution
Isolation Theory
84
Proposed the Isolation Theory
Moritz Wagner
85
Modern evolutionary theory has its foundation in the Evolutionary Synthesis or Modern Synthesis that is formulated on the basis of contributions from Genetics, Systematics, and Paleontology. It was named [...].
Neo-Darwinian Theory
86
**Modern Evolutionary Theory**
Emphasized the role of genetic changes in natural populations of *Drosophila* in the process of evolution
Theodosius Dobzhansky
(1900 - 1975)
87
**Modern Evolutionary Theory**
Explained the mechanism of origin of variations in higher animals (2)
- Julian Huxley (1924)
- Ernst Mayr (1942)
88
**Modern Evolutionary Theory**
Showed that a combination of gross chromosomal aberrations, rare combinations in balanced lethal systems, and obligate self-fertilization are important factors for variation and evolution
- Cleveland
- Blakeslee
- Renner
- et al.
89
**Modern Evolutionary Theory**
Suggested that the forces operating for the origin of species also operate for the evolution of genera, families, and other higher categories
Rensch
(1960)
90
**Modern Evolutionary Theory**
The 5 recognized basic processes of synthetic theory
1. gene mutations
2. changes in chromosome number
3. genetic recombination
4. natural selection
5. reproductive isolation
91
**Modern Evolutionary Theory**
The 3 accessory processes that contribute to the evolutionary phenomenon
1. migration
2. hybridization
3. chance in small populations
92
Evolution that includes changes in the frequency of genes in a population from one generation to the next
Small-scale Evolution
(Microevolution)
93
Evolution that includes the descent of different species from a common ancestor over many generations
Large-scale Evolution
(Macroevolution)
