L1 intro Flashcards
central dogma
replication, transcription, translation
drawing of a gene…
RNAP (P)… TSS… ATG-gene-TAA…terminator
drawing of mRNA
5’-UTR… RBS… AUG-gene-UAA… 3’-UTR
hydrogen bonds
T-A, G-C
T=A
G=_C
operon
multiple genes under the same promoter, can be up to 7 in bacteria
plasmids
= a way for bacteria to shuttle around DNA
- circular DNA
- use them to put foreign DNA into new cells
viruses’ genome
= very economical
- ex. polio virus has genome of 7500 nts
-> translates to one mega protein (1 RBS) that gets turned into many smaller ones
terminator
a hairpin is formed and followed by a slippery sequence, aka a sequence of repeats such as “UUUUU”
- makes RNAP slip off
reading frame
when one mRNA strand encodes more than one protein but in different frames
frameshift, ribosome frameshift
when Ribosome reaches a stem-loop with a slippery sequence at the bottom, such as “UUU”, it slips off the loop and gets knocked back one step (one nucleotide)
- lands in other reading frame and can continue transcription
reverse transcriptase and integrase
- RT = converts RNA to DNA so it can hide in our genome
=> retrovirus - intergrase = inserts the DNA into the host’s genome
-> either host’s or virus’ own
-> relies on host’s ligase and recombinase to fill in the gaps formed when DNA is inserted with integrase
eukaryotic genomes
- not economical at all, have lots of “junk DNA”
- 1,5% protein encoding genes
-> former transposons = genes that used to jump in our genome
–> mutated to not jump anymore so they’re like fossils in our genome - not complex
determine complexity
- can find repeats
- heat up DNA => the two strands seperate
- cool down DNA => they bind together again
- repeats/simple sequences will bind together quickly again but complex sequences will take longer
-> “AAAA” can bind to any “TTTT”
=> can see that for ex. 80% of dsDNA was quicker at binding together again
