L1. Musculoskeletal Intro

Question 1

Why are there lumps and bumbs on long bones?

Answer 1

It is where muscles attach.

Question 2

Name the long bones

Answer 2

Epiphysis, Metaphysis, Diaphysis

Question 3

What is a sesamoid bone? Name one and state their benefits

Answer 3

Bones found within tendons such as the PATELLA. They reduce wear and tear and improve muscle efficiency.

Question 4

Name and state the function of flat bones:

Answer 4

Scapula. They have a large surface area for muscles to attach and provide protection.

Question 5

What does Wolffs law explain:

Answer 5

The more a bone is used, the stronger it becomes! The less a bone is used, the bone density decreases.

Question 6

Name parts of the Axial skeleton:

Answer 6

Skull. 
Ribs
Sternum
Vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx

Question 7

What is the name of the attaching skeleton and what does it include?

Answer 7

Appendicular Skeleton : Hip bones. Pectoral girdle. Limbs

Question 8

When do the limbs begin to develop?

Answer 8

Weeks 4/5. Apoptosis creates digits

Question 9

Limb abnormalities:
Amelia-
Meromelia
Phocomelia
Polydactyly
Syndactly

Answer 9

Amelia- No limb development
Meromelia - Partial Limb development
Phocomelia - Partial hand development (flipper)
Polydactyly - Additional Development
Syndactly - Webbing/joining of digits

Question 10

Causes of Limb abnormalities:

Answer 10

Teratogenic - eg Thalidomide. Retinoids
Genetic
Mechanical - Eg amniotic fluid bands wrapping around limb in utero.

Question 11

Upper limb Movement or Strength +/-?

Answer 11

Movement ++
Strength -
Range of movement instead of strength.

Question 12

Lower limb movement or strength +/-?

Answer 12

Movement -

Strength ++

Question 13

Functions of:
Upper limb
Lower limb

Answer 13

Upper limb: Fine motor movements, Feeding, Carriage.

Lower limb: Support body weight, Locomotion, shock absorption, maintain posture.

Question 14

Name the bone types of upper and lower limbs

Answer 14

Girdle
Single long bone
Paired long bones
Short and long bones

Question 15

Name the type of joints in the upper limb

Answer 15

Ball and Socket
Hinge
Pivot
Pivot
Mixed

Question 16

Types of FIBROUS joints and examples of where they are found

Answer 16

Sutures - skull
Gomphosis - Teeth
Syndemosis fibrous sheet of tissue between long bones to keep them in close proximity.

Question 17

Types of CARTILAGINOUS joints and where they are found

Answer 17

Epiphysis - growth plate
Synovial
Symphysis - disks that join vertebra and pubic symphysis.

Question 18

State the stability and mobility of :
Fibrous joints
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Answer 18

Fibrous: Stability ++ Mobility -
Cartilaginous: Mobility + Stability++
Synovial: Mobility +++ Stability -/+ (less stable)

Question 19

What type of joint are synovial joints?

Answer 19

Cartilaginous

Question 20

Describe the structure of synovial joints

Answer 20

Hyaline cartilage at the end of 2 bones. Covered in a capsule/ligament that protects it. The SYNOVIUM is a serous membrane within the capsule that secretes synovial fluid

Question 21

Increasing the area of contact between joints …

eg in the deep socket of the hip ball and socket

Answer 21

Increases stability but decrease mobility

Question 22

Decreasing the area of contact of a joint… (eg in the shallow socket of shoulder hip and socket)

Answer 22

Decreases stability but increases mobility

Question 23

What is a GIRDLE (eg pelvic/pectoral girdle)?

Answer 23

A bone that attaches the axial skeleton to a limb

Question 24

What is the one bone to bone that attaches to the pectoral girdle

Answer 24

The Clavicle. It attaches to the girdle and manubrium of sternum.

Question 25

What kind of injury can fracture a clavicle?

Answer 25

Falling onto an outstretched hand transmits force through the limb and to the clavicle.

Question 26

What kind of injury can fracture a scapula?

Answer 26

It is uncommon, but high impact blunt force trauma such as a RTI

Question 27

Name a function of the pelvic girdle?

Answer 27

It transmits force from the vertebrae into the lower limb and vice versa. Enables locomotion and standing Weight distribution

Question 28

Why is a gymnast more prone to dislocations?

Answer 28

They stretch their muscles and ligaments more which means there is less support fr the bones as they are stretched and this weakens the support for the bones/joints

Question 29

What are Bursae?

Answer 29

Pockets of synovium and synovial fluid found around joints that undergo friction and wear - such as patella and elbow

Question 30

What is inflammation of the Bursae known as?

Answer 30

Bursitis

Question 31

What are Synovial sheaths? What is the condition called when these are inflamed?

Answer 31

Synovial sheaths cover tendons at points of friction/wear and tea - such as in the hands/phalanges. Synovitis= inflamed synovial sheaths

Question 32

Name the plexus for the upper limb:

Answer 32

Brachial Plexs

Question 33

Explain/draw nerves providing dermatomal innervation

Answer 33

C5 comes from spine and can split. It innervates an area of skin. C6 also innervates an area of skin.

Question 34

Cutaneous nerve supply - explain/draw

Answer 34

C5 comes from spine. One branch supplies an area, but another branch splits off and joins a branch of C6 spinal nerve and also C7 branch. his makes a mixed nerve of nerve Y for example which provides innervation for an area of skin.

Question 35

What wraps around the muscles and everything in the limbs? What does this do?

Answer 35

Deep Fascia. It compartmentalises the limb.

Question 36

What are the main functions of the anterior and posterior compartment of limb

Answer 36

Anterior compartment = flexor function | Posterior compartment = Extensor function.

Question 37

What is compartment syndrome?

Answer 37

Increased pressure in the compartments can cut off blood supply to that compartment. Medical Emergency which is treated by cutting open the fascia and releasing pressure.

Question 38

Upper limb Arterial supply from Proximal to distal?

Answer 38

``` Subclavian artery Axillary artery Brachial artery Ulna artery and radial artery Palmer arches ```