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Neuro > L1: Olfaction and taste > Flashcards

L1: Olfaction and taste Flashcards

1
Q

Humans can discriminate how many olfactory stimuli?

A

Over 1 trillion

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2
Q

What type of neurons are olfactory neurons?

A

Bipolar with dendrites that form cillia and axons that terminate in the olfactory bulb.

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3
Q

What type of receptor is the odor receptor?

A

GPCR

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4
Q

Where are olfactory receptors located?

A

In the olfactory epithelium

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5
Q

How many types of olfactory receptor are expressed by an olfactory nerve?

A

One type

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6
Q

How many odorants can each olfactory nerve respond to?

A

Single or multiple

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7
Q

What types of mammals have trace-amine-associated-receptors and which ones have vomeronasal organs?

A

All mammals have TAAR and only non-ape mammals have vomeronasal organs (not humans)

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8
Q

What type of signal transduction is used by TAAR?

A

Golf/cAMP

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9
Q

What type of odorant is detetected by TAAR and vomeronasal organs?

A

Pheromones

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10
Q

How is initial olfactory adaptation mediated?

A

Increased Ca binds to the Ca binding protein which desensotizes the CNGA channel

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11
Q

How is short term olfactory adaptation mediated?

A

Ca binds to calmodulin protein kinase II which desensitizes adenylyl cyclase

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12
Q

How is long term olfactory adaptation mediated?

A

Ca increases NO production which stimulates guanylate cyclase to produce cGMP which causes influx of Ca through CNGA channel leading to further desensitization of CNGA and AC

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13
Q

Where do axons of the olfactory neurons synapse?

A

Glomeruli of the olfactory bulb

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14
Q

HOw many ORN axons are received by a glomeruli?

A

thousands

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15
Q

How many types of ORN information can one glomeruli receive?

A

One

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16
Q

What increases odor discrimination at the glomeruli and mitral later?

A

Lateral inhibition

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17
Q

What are the layers of the olfactory bulb?

A
  1. Olfactory nerves
  2. Glomeruli
  3. External plexiform layer
  4. Mitral cell layer
  5. Granule cell layer
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18
Q

Where do mitral cells send information?

A
  • anterior olfactory nucleus
  • Olfactory tubercule
  • Piriform cortex
  • Amygdala
  • Entorhinal cortex
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19
Q

Where does odor perception and discrimination happen?

A

Obitofrontal cortex (must go through thalmus)

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20
Q

Where does odor induced fear signaling happen?

A

Amygdala-piriform boundary

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21
Q

Where fo the emotional, motivational, physiological and behavioral aspects of motivation happen?

A

Amygdala and hypothalmus

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22
Q

Where are taste cells located?

A
  • Tongue
  • Pharynx
  • Palate
  • Epiglottis
  • Upper third of the esophagus
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23
Q

What is the anterior 2/3 of the tongue innervated by?

A

Chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve via the geniculate ganglion

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24
Q

What is the posterior 2/3 of the tongue innervated by?

A

The lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal via the petrosal ganglion

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25
Q

What nerve is the pharynx innervated by?

A

The superior laryngeal branch of the vagus via the nodose ganglion

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26
Q

What type of taste buds are found on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Fungiform and filiform

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27
Q

What type of taste buds are located on the posterior portion of the tongue?

A

Circumvallate and foliate

28
Q

What are tatse cells embedded in?

A

Papillae

29
Q

What is the tastant for sweet and what is its threshold?

A

Sucrose 20mM

30
Q

What is the tastant for salty and what is its threshold?

A

NaCl 10mM

31
Q

What is the tastant for sour and what is its threshold?

A

Citric acid 2mM

32
Q

What is the tastant for bitter and what is its threshold?

A

Quinine 8 mM

33
Q

What is the tastant for Umami and what is its threshold?

A

Glutamate 100 mM

34
Q

What is the function of type 1 taste cells?

A

Support and putative salt sensor

35
Q

What is the function of type II taste cells?

A

Sweet bitter and umami

DO NOT form conventional synapses

36
Q

What is the function of type II taste cells?

A

Sweet bitter and umami

DO NOT form conventional synapses

37
Q

What is the function of type III taste cells?

A

Respond to sour stimuli, form prominent synapses with afferent nerve fibers and release serotonin and ATP

38
Q

What type of cells are basal cells and what is their turnover rate?

A

Progenitor cells with a 10 day turnover rate

39
Q

What is the numerical distribution/ order of abundance for taste cells?

A

Type I> Type II> Type 3

40
Q

What taste receptors are for umami?

A

T1R1 and T1R3

41
Q

What are the taste receptors for sweet?

A

T1R2 and T1R3

42
Q

What taste receptors are for bitter?

A

~30 T2Rs

43
Q

What taste receptor are for salty?

A

ENaC

44
Q

What tase receptors are for sour?

A

PKD2L1

45
Q

What cells are responsible for salt attraction?

A

Type I

46
Q

What cells are responsible for salt aversion?

A

Type III

47
Q

What inhibits salt attraction?

A

Amiloride

48
Q

What does PKD2L1 knockout do?

A

Reduces sour sensing

49
Q

What type of fibers are intergemmel nerves?

A

Gustatory nerves

50
Q

What type of nerve is perigemmal fibers?

A

Somatosensory nerves

51
Q

What is responsible for chemisthesis?

A

Perigemmal fibers (trigeminal nerve)

52
Q

Where is the P2X2/3 receptor found?

A

Intergemmal fibers

53
Q

How is ATP released form type II taste cells?

A

Non-vessicle via CalHM1

54
Q

How are GABA, 5HT and ATP released from type III cells?

A

Via vesicles

55
Q

What is the nociceptor for capsacin?

A

TRPV1

56
Q

What is the nociceptor for wasabi?

A

TRPA1

57
Q

What is the nociceptor for menthol and cold?

A

TRPM8

58
Q

What is the main somatosensory nerve of the head?

A

Trigeminal

59
Q

Where does the CNS project to modulate taste and defensive reflexes?

A

Sp5 in the medulla

60
Q

What is each taste cell innervated by?

A

Primary gustatory fibers

61
Q

How many taste buds are innervated by each primary gusatory fiber?

A

Many

62
Q

What type of coding do specialist affarent gustatory fibers have?

A

Line labeled coding

63
Q

What type of coding do generalist affarent gustatory fibers have?

A

Combinatorial coding

64
Q

What types of information are extracted from tastants?

A

Quality
Intesity
Hedonic Value

65
Q

What tastants have no overlap?

A

Bitter and sweet

Neuro (6 decks)

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