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williams biosci brain damage > L1 - Organisation Of the Human Body > Flashcards

L1 - Organisation Of the Human Body Flashcards

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1
Q

List the body’s 6 levels of structural organisation

A

Chemical, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems, Organismal

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2
Q

Describe the chemical level of structural organisation

A

The building blocks of the body often considered as atoms and molecules

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3
Q

Describe the cellular level of structural organisation

A

The basic structural and functional units of the body (~200 types exist)

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4
Q

Describe the tissue level of structural organisation

A

Groups of cells that work together to perform a common function

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5
Q

Describe the organ level of structural organisation

A

Two or more types of tissue joined together to perform a function

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6
Q

Describe the system level of structural organisation

A

Multiple related organs that have a common function

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7
Q

Describe the organismal level of structural organisation

A

All the systems within an organism working together simultaneously to constitute a living organism

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8
Q

Name the organs in the muscular system

A

Skeletal muscles (axial and appendicular)
Tendons
Aponeuroses

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9
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscles?

A

Provide skeletal movement
Control entrance and exit to digestive, respiratory and urinary systems
Produce heat
Support skeleton
Protect soft tissues

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10
Q

What is the function of tendons?

A

Rope-like connections from muscle to bone
Translate contractile forces into tasks

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11
Q

What are aponeuroses?

A

Sheet-like connections from muscle to muscle (also bone-bone)

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12
Q

Function of axial muscles?

A

Support and positioning of axial skeleton

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13
Q

Function of appendicular muscles?

A

Support and movement of limbs

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14
Q

Name the organs of the skeletal system

A

Skeleton (axial and appendicular)
Bones
Cartilage
Joints
Ligaments
Bone marrow (red and yellow)

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15
Q

Function of the axial skeleton?

A

Protects brain and spinal cord, sense organs and soft tissues of thorax
Supports body weight

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16
Q

Function of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Provides internal support and positioning of external limbs
Supports and enables muscles to move axial skeleton

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17
Q

Function of cartilage

A

Bone interface (with many junctions)

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18
Q

Function of ligaments

A

Fibrous connections between two bones

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19
Q

Function of bone marrow?

A

Red - production of RBCs
Yellow - storage of fat cells

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20
Q

Name the organs of the nervous system

A

CNS (spinal cord and the brain)
PNS
Special senses

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21
Q

Function of the CNS?

A

Acts as the control centre (allows short term control of other systems)

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22
Q

Function of the brain

A

Carries out complex integrative activies
Controls voluntary AND involuntary action

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23
Q

Function of the spinal cord?

A

Relays information to and from the brain
Carries out less complex integrative activites (e.g reflex arc)

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24
Q

Function of the PNS

A

Links CNS with other systems and sense organs

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25
Name the organs of the endocrine system
Pineal gland Hypothalamus / pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Thymus Adrenal glands Kidneys Pancreas Gonads
26
Function of the pineal gland?
Regulates diurnal activity
27
Function of the hypothalamus?
Control centre of endocrine system Regulates growth
28
Function of the thyroid gland?
Regulates metabolic rate (thyroxine)
29
Function of the parathyroid gland?
Regulates calcium levels
30
Function of the thymus?
Maturation of lymphocytes (WBCs)
31
Function of the adrenal glands?
Water and mineral balance Tissue metabolism Cardiovascular and respiratory system function (i.e. fight or flight response)
32
Function of the kidneys? (in the endocrine system)
RBC production Maintains blood pressure Regulates calcium levels
33
Function of pancreas? (part of the endocrine system)
Glucose control
34
Function of gonads?
Sexual characteristics and reproduction
35
Name the organs of the lymphatic system
Lymphatic vessels Lymphatic fluid B cells and T cells Lymph nodes Spleen Thymus
36
What is the function of lymphatic vessels?
Carry lymph fluid and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to veins of cardio. system where they re-enter blood flow
37
Function of lymphatic fluid?
Carries lipid from gut and fluid from tissues
38
Function of B cells and T cells?
B cells - make antibodies T cells - engulf bacteria
39
Function of lymph nodes?
Monitor composition of lymph Stimulate immune response Engulfs pathogens
40
Function of the spleen?
'a large lymph node' Monitors circulation of blood cells Engulfs pathogens Recycle RBCs Stimulates immune response
41
Function of the thymus?
Maturation and maintenance of T cell lymphocytes
42
Name the organs of the cardiovascular system
Heart Veins Arteries Capillaries Blood
43
Function of the heart
Maintain blood pressure Pumps blood around body
44
Function of capillaries?
Carry blood to and from body cells Diffusion between blood and interstitial fluids
45
Name the components of the respiratory system
Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Diaphragm
46
Function of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses?
Filter, warm and humidify air Detects smell
47
Function of pharynx?
Conducts air to larynx
48
Function of larynx
Protects opening to trachea Vocal cords to allow vocalisation
49
Function of trachea?
Conducts air Cartilage keeps it open
50
Function of bronchi?
Conducts air between trachea and lungs
51
Function of lungs?
Air movement Gas exchange between alveoli and blood Acid-base control
52
Name the components of the digestive system
Oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine and anus
53
Function of oral cavity
Breaks up food (teeth and tongue)
54
Function of salivary glands
Lubricant for food Enzymes which breakdown food
55
Function of pharynx (in digestive system)
Moves food and liquids to the oesophagus
56
Function of oesophagus?
Delivers food to stomach
57
Function of stomach
Digests food using stomach acid Contains enzymes and hormones
58
Function of small intestine
Contains digestive enzymes Buffers and hormones Absorption of nutrients
59
Function of the liver?
Secretes bile Regulates nutrients in blood
60
Function of gallbladder?
Concentrates bile
61
Function of pancreas? (as a part of the digestive system)
Digestive enzymes Buffers Endocrine cells
62
Function of the large intestine and the anus?
Water removal Waste storage and removal
63
Name the organs of the urinary system
Kidney Ureters Bladder Urethra
64
Function of the kidney? (as a part of the urinary system)
Form and concentrate urine Regulate pH and ions Blood volume and blood pressure
65
Function of ureters
Conducts urine to bladder
66
Function of bladder
Stores urine prior to elimination
67
Function of urethra
Conducts urine to exterior
68
What is Erythropoietin (EPO)?
A glycoprotein hormone produced by the interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney Increases RBC production in bone marrow Allows the blood to have a greater carrying capacity for oxygen
69
Name the components of the male reproductive system
Testes Accessory organs External genitalia
70
Name the components of the female reproductive system
Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina and external genitalia Mammary glands
71
What are the three main hormones secreted by the adrenal glands
Aldosterone - water and mineral balance Cortisol - Tissue metabolism Adrenaline - cardio. and resp. Function

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