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Sem3: PHYS30240 GI and Renal Physiology > L1: Renal Histology, Function and Circulation > Flashcards

L1: Renal Histology, Function and Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Kidneys?

A

Regulation of water and electrolyte balance

Excretion of metabolic waste and bioactive substances

Regulation of arterial blood pressure

Regulation of erythrocyte production

Regulation of Vitamin D production

Gluconeogenesis (glucose synthesis)

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2
Q

What metabolic waste and bioactive substances do the kidneys excrete?

A

Urea (from protein)

Uric acid (from nucleic acids)

Creatinine (from muscle creatine)

Drugs/Hormones

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3
Q

How do the kidneys regulate arterial pressure?

A

Regulation of blood volume

Renin production (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS))

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4
Q

Role of Kidneys in regulating erythrocyte production?

A

Kidney is major site of Erythropoietin (EPO) production (Fibroblasts)

Released fro fibroblast cells when local tissue oxygen levels are reduced

EPO stimulates the bone marrow to increase production of erythrocytes and therefore haemoglobin

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5
Q

How do the kidneys regulate Vitamin D Production?

A

Active form of Vitamin D (Calcitriol) is made in the kidneys => Promotes calcium and phosphate absorption from the gut

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6
Q

Role of Kidneys in Maintaining blood glucose?

A

Gluconeogenesis: Synthesis of glucose from non carbohydrate sources during periods of fasting

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7
Q

Predominant type of tissue type in renal capsule is ____________ connective tissue

Surrounded by perinephric fat and then by the ______________, which also encloses the ____________________________

A

Predominant type of tissue type in renal capsule is fibrous connective tissue

Surrounded by perinephric fat and then by the perinephric (perirenal) fascia, which also enclose the adrenal gland (produces aldosterone)

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8
Q

What penetrates the renal Hilum?

A

Renal artery
Renal vein
Lymphatics
Renal nerve
Renal pelvis

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9
Q

Three distinct regions of the kidney and their constituents?

A

Cortex (Location of glomeruli of nephrons)

Medulla (Nephrons’ tubules)

Renal pelvis (major and minor calyces collect urine and empty it into the renal pelvis)

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

Arteries/Veins located at the boundary of cortex and medulla of kidneys?

A

Arcuate Arteries/Veins

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12
Q

Arteries/Veins located in the cortex of kidneys?

A

Interlobular Arteries/ Veins

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13
Q

Path of blood flow in kidneys?

A
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14
Q

Vascular supply to the two types of Nephrons in Kidneys?

A

Peritubular Capillaries (Cortical Nephrons)

Vasa Recta Capillaries (Juxtamedullary Nephrons)

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15
Q

Cortical vs. Juxtamedullary Nephrons?

Cortical Nephrons:

  • Glomeruli located in the ___________
  • Responsible for _______________________
  • Supplied by ____________________

Juxtamedullary Nephrons:

  • Glomeruli are in the ___________________
  • Produce __________________________
  • Supplied by ________________________
A

Cortical Nephrons:

  • Glomeruli located in the outer cortex
  • Responsible for majority of reabsorption within the kidney (80-85% of nephrons)
  • Supplied by Peritubular Capillaries

Juxtamedullary Nephrons:

  • Glomeruli are in the inner cortex (near the medulla)- NO Glomeruli in Medulla!!
  • Produce concentrated/diluted urine
  • Supplied by Vasa Recta Capillaries (Straight Vessels)
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16
Q

Collections of straight tubules form the ________, which run up the centre axis of a renal lobule

Region of cortex between the rays is called ___________

A

Collections of straight tubules form the medullary rays, which run up the centre axis of a renal lobule

Region of cortex between the rays called the cortical labyrinth

17
Q

Structures of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?

A

Macula Densa of the Thick Ascending Limb: columnar epithelial cells that act as salt sensors

Extraglomerular Mesangial Cells: specialized smooth muscle cells that regulate blood flow

Granular Cells (Afferent Arteriole): specialized smooth muscle cells that manufacture, store and release RENIN

18
Q

Columnar epithelial cells of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus that act as salt sensors?

A

Macula Densa (Thick Ascending Limb)

19
Q

Specialized smooth muscle cells of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus that regulate blood flow?

A

Extraglomerular Mesangial Cells

20
Q

Specialized smooth muscle cells of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus that manufacture, store and release RENIN

A

Granular cells (Afferent Arteriole)

21
Q

Thickness of Renal Tubule?

A

All tubules are a single layer of epithelial cells: permits exchange of fluid/solutes between the tubule and the surrounding interstitial/vasculature

22
Q

Section of renal tubule composed of simple cuboidal epithelial cells with extended brush borders?

A

Proximal tubule

23
Q

Section of renal tubule composed of Squamous (flattened) epithelium

A

Thin Descending and Ascending Limbs

24
Q

Section of renal tubule composed of Cuboidal epithelium with invaginated basolateral membranes?

A

Thick Ascending Limb and the Distal Tubule

25
Q

Section of Renal Tubule composed of columnar epithelium?

A

Collecting Duct Cells:

  • principal cells (NaCl reabsorption and K+secretion)
  • intercalated cells (acid-base balance)
26
Q

Cell Type of the Renal Collecting duct responsible for NaCl reabsorption and K+ secretion?

A

Principal Cells

27
Q

Cell Type of the Renal Collecting duct responsible for Acid-Base balance?

A

Intercalated Cells

28
Q

Blood Flow to Kidneys?

A

Renal blood flow ~950 –1100 ml/min (20% of the cardiac output)

Far in excess of kidneys’ metabolic needs providing kidneys the flexibility to alter blood flow in response to physiological demand

29
Q

Capillary Beds in the Kidney

A
30
Q

Why is hydrostatic pressure at afferent renal arterioles high relative to non-renal vascular beds?

A

Presence of second set of arterioles after glomerular capillaries -Efferent arterioles offer resistance to the blood flow

Branching of glomerular capillaries leads to increased cross-sectional area and results in only minor drop in pressure

31
Q

Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (PCAP)?

A

45mmHg –60mmHg

32
Q

Why does Π CAP increase along the length of the glomerular capillaries?

A
  1. fluid leaving glomerular capillaries
  2. large proteins not filtered
33
Q

Purpose of variable pressures along the renal circulation?

A

Influences filtration and reabsorption

Net Filtration: occurs along the length of glomerular capillaries -afferent end (18mmHg) and efferent end (5mmHg)

Reabsorption: along the length of peritubular capillaries due to further reduction in Capillary hydrostatic pressure in efferent arterioles, whereas oncotic pressure is high (35mmHg)

34
Q

What is the normal value for net filtration pressure (NFP) at the afferent vs. efferent end of glomerular capillaries?

A

5 mm HG

NET Outward pressure from afferent to efferent

35
Q

Where in the Renal Vascular bed does net filtration occur?

A

Glomerular Capillaries

36
Q

Where in the Renal Vascular Bed does net Reabsorption occur?

A

Peritubular Capillaries

Sem3: PHYS30240 GI and Renal Physiology (24 decks)

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