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SBI4U > L1 - Structure & Function Of Biomolecules > Flashcards

L1 - Structure & Function Of Biomolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Organic compounds contain which two elements?

A

Carbon and hydrogen

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2
Q

Why can carbon atoms bond with each other so easily?

A

They have 4 electrons to easily share

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3
Q

________ _______ are reactive clusters of hydrocarbons containing oxygen, sulphur, phosphorus or other elements.

A

Functional groups

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4
Q

What are the six functional groups?

A

Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulphydril, & phosphate.

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5
Q

Are functional groups hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophilic

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6
Q

What are macromolecules made of?

A

Monomers

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7
Q

__________ _________ is an anabolic reaction that removes H2O from monomers in order to join together and create a macromolecule.

A

Dehydration synthesis (or condensation reaction)

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8
Q

________ is a catabolic reaction that adds H2O to macromolecules and breaks them down into smaller monomers.

A

Hydrolysis

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9
Q

What are the 4 macromolecules of life?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

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10
Q

What macro is a building material for energy, and used for the identification and communication of cells?

A

Carbohydrates

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11
Q

What elements make up carbohydrates in a ratio of 1:2:1?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

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12
Q

What are the three classifications of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides (one sugar), oligosaccharides (two or three sugars), and polysaccharides (made of several hundred or thousand monosaccharide subunits)

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13
Q

What are saccharides?

A

Sugars

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14
Q

What are the two types of monosaccharides?

A

Aldoses and Ketoses.

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15
Q

What is the difference between a terminal carbon and a central carbon?

A

They are both carbon atoms that have a functional group attached, but a terminal carbon atom is on the end of a chain and a central carbon is positioned somewhere in the chain between the end atoms.

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16
Q

Each carbon atom in a monosaccharide has an attached ______ group, except for the terminal or central atom, which has a _______ group attached.

A

Hydroxyl, carbonyl

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17
Q

Saccharides with __ or more carbon atoms will form a ring when dissolved in water.

A

5

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18
Q

What three monosaccharides are subunits of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose, and galactose.

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19
Q

Glucose, fructose, and galactose all contain C6, H12, 06 but are all re-arranged differently, which make them _______ of one another.

A

Isomers

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20
Q

What type of carbohydrate is two or three sugars attached to one another through glycosidic linkages after dehydration synthesis?

A

Oligosaccharide

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21
Q

Lactose, maltose, and sucrose are made of two sugars bonded together, so they are classified as ____________.

A

Disaccharides

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22
Q

Polysaccharides are also called ______ carbs

A

Complex

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23
Q

What are the most important carbohydrates in our diet?

A

Polysaccharides

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24
Q

What are the 4 types of polysaccharides?

A

Starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin.

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25
What polysaccharide is made from amylose and amylopectin, and is the storage molecule for plant energy (abundant in root vegetables) and can be digested in humans for energy?
Starch
26
What polysaccharide is the main energy storage molecule for animals, and regulates glucose levels in the blood?
Glycogen
27
What polysaccharide requires all other glucose subunits to become inverted due to its beta1-4 linkages? It is not coiled or branched like starch or glycogen, but is long, tough and rigid for protective plant walls.
Cellulose
28
What two polysaccharides have alpha1-4 and alpha1-6 links?
Glycogen and starch.
29
What polysaccharide cannot be digested by humans, but is a form of fibre that aids in bowel movements?
Cellulose
30
What polysaccharide is similar to a cellular polymer, has a function group containing nitrogen, forms exoskeletons of insects, and is made into surgical thread.
Chitin
31
What organic molecule dissolves in oil and non-polar substances and not in water?
Lipids
32
What organic molecule stores twice the amount of chemical energy than carbs and proteins, are physical and thermal insulation, and key components in cell membranes?
Lipids
33
What organic molecule acts as a raw material in hormone synthesis, and as a chemical messenger between cells?
Lipids
34
What are the 4 types of lipids?
Fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.
35
What type of lipid is the most common form of energy and insulation in plants and animals?
Fats
36
During dehydration synthesis of a fat molecule, a glycerol molecule bonds with 1 to 3 fatty-acid chains. What is this process called?
Esterification (ester linkages)
37
If a fat molecule is made of 3 fatty-acid chains, it is called a _________.
Triglyceride
38
What are the two types of fatty acids?
Saturated and unsaturated
39
What are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
Saturated fatty acids have double bonds between carbon atoms, are saturated in hydrogen atoms, and are solid at room temp. (Butter, lard, etc.) Unsaturated fatty acids have single bonds between carbon atoms, are not saturated with hydrogen atoms, and are liquid at room temp. (Corn and olive oil, etc.)
40
What type of lipid makes up the cell membrane of animal cells, and consist of one hydrophilic head and a two-stranded hydrophobic tail?
Phospholipid
41
What lipid type has one glycerol and two fatty-acids, and a highly polar phosphate group?
Phospholipid
42
What type of lipid creates a bilayer in animal cells, which is highly impermeable to macromolecules, charged ions, and small lipid-soluble molecules.
Phospholipids
43
What type of lipid includes/derives from cholesterol and includes testosterone, progesterone, etc.?
Steroids/sterol
44
What type of lipid has a sub-group of sterols?
Steroids
45
What sub-group of steroids are compact, hydrophobic molecules that contain 4 fused hydrocarbon rings?
Sterol
46
What sterol can be converted into vitamin D, affects the fluidity of the cell membrane, and allows communication during development? Too much of it can clog arteries and cause heart disease.
Cholesterol
47
Steroid molecules derive from _____________ molecules
Cholesterol
48
What organic molecule is involved in almost everything cells do, and include enzymes, hemoglobin, keratin, fibrin, etc.
Protein
49
What type of acids makes up protein?
Amino acids
50
What are the three types of amino acids?
Amino group, carboxylic, radical group ("R")
51
What group can make amino acids polar, non-polar, or charged?
Radical group
52
How many amino acids are there and how many are essential?
There are 20, and 8 of them are essential.
53
8 essential amino acids must be from our diet, how do we get the other 12?
They are manufactured in our cells.
54
Bonds that hold amino acids together are called ______ bonds.
Peptide
55
What are the four stages of protein structures?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
56
What protein structure is comprised of one polypeptide chain?
Primary structure
57
What do you call amino acids that are bonded together with peptide bonds?
Polypeptide chain
58
What is the protein structure that consists of one polypeptide chain?
Primary protein structure
59
The protein structure that results in polypeptide chains folding into one another and start to change shape. Hydrogen bonds link between oxygen atoms of the carboxyl group and the hydrogen atoms of the amino group.
Secondary protein structure
60
This protein structure happens when radical-group interactions cause further change in structure shape due to covalent bonds called disulphides bridges.
Tertiary protein structure
61
All proteins will eventually settle into this structure. This structure results in crumpled or balled-up shapes, but are globular in general.
Tertiary protein structure
62
This protein structure does not necessarily happen with all proteins, and happens when two or more polypeptides fold together to form a functional protein. How they fold together will determine its shape.
Quaternary protein structure
63
This protein structure is commonly alpha helices or pleaded beta sheets.
Secondary protein structure
64
This type of organic macromolecule includes DNA, RNA, ATP, and nucleotide co-enzymes, and made up of nucleotide monomers.
Nucleic acids
65
DNA and RNA are called nucleotide ________.
Polymers
66
These consist of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base, and are the monomers of nucleic acids.
Nucleotides
67
What are polymers made of?
Monomers
68
What do bonded monomers create?
Polymers
69
When nucleic acid polymers are created, the phosphate and ribose groups are bonded by a _______ linkage.
Phosphodiester
70
What are the 5 nitrogenous bases of nucleotides?
Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
71
What 2 nitrogenous bases are purines (have a double ring structure)?
Adenine and Guanine
72
What are the 3 nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines (single-ring structure)?
Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil

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