L1 Strucutre Biomolecules

Question 1

Aldose

Answer 1

Monosaccharide with a aldehyde function group

Question 2

Ketose

Answer 2

Monosaccharide with ketone

Question 3

Isomer

Answer 3

Compounds with same chemical formula but different structures/chemical properties

Question 4

Epimer

Answer 4

Differ in configuration around only one specific chiral carbon

All epimers = isomers

C1 closet to aldehyde group

Question 5

Enantiomer

Answer 5

Mirror images of each other

D form in sugars in cells
L forms in AA

All enantiomers are isomers

Question 6

Pyranose

Answer 6

Cyclic 6 C sugar

Alpha(below) and beta(above) anomers

Question 7

Furanose

Answer 7

Five membered ring made from aldopentoses (ribose) or ketohexoses (fructose)

Question 8

Anomer

Answer 8

Differ in configuration around anomeric carbon

Alpha or beta

Question 9

Anomeric carbon

Answer 9

New stereo center resulting from cyclic hemiacetal formation

Is C1

Carbons numbered down from non ring C

Question 10

Non-reducing end

Answer 10

Any end of molecule that’s not the anomeric carbon and therefore cannot be reduced

Question 11

Sugar alcohol

Answer 11

When carbonyl group of monosaccharide is reduced to hydroxyl

Suffix “itol”

Glucose to glucitol

Question 12

Acidic sugars

Answer 12

Glucose oxidized to form glucuronic acid

OH on C6 becomes COOH

Suffix “uronic”

Question 13

Amino and N-acetylated Amino Sugars

Answer 13

Amino groups may be added to OH on C2 of glucose to form glucosamine

Acetyl group (COCH3) May be added to amino to form N-acetyl-glucosamine

Abundant in ECM and cell surface glycoproteins

Question 14

Glycosidic bond

Answer 14

Link monosaccharides to form polysaccharides

Sugar with free anomeric carbon can adopt linear form and are reducing sugars

Question 15

Fatty acid

Answer 15

Have hydrophilic carboxylic acid and hydrophobic acyl chain

Mostly 12-20Cs

Question 16

Amphiphatic

Answer 16

Contain hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions

Question 17

Carbonyl group

Answer 17

C double bond to O

Question 18

Carboxylic acid

Answer 18

R-COOH

Question 19

Hydroxyl group

Answer 19

R-OH

Question 20

Chiral carbon

Answer 20

C with four diff substituents

Question 21

Hydrocarbon/acyl chain

Answer 21

Consists entirely of H and C atoms

Question 22

Proteins monomer/polymer relationship

Answer 22

Polymers of amino acids

Question 23

Carbohydrate monomer/polymer relationship

Answer 23

Polymers of monosaccharides

CnH2nOn

Monosaccharide n=3-8

Question 24

Lipids monomer/polymer relationship

Answer 24

Polymer classification depends on solubility / hydrophilicty

Question 25

Monosaccharide classifications

Answer 25

Aldose or ketose 3C = aldotriose or ketotriose ``` Number of Cs 3 triose 4 tetrose 5 pentose (ribose) 6 hexose (sugars- glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose) 7 heptose 8 octose ```

Question 26

Cyclization reactions of pyranoses and furanoses

Answer 26

aldehyde and ketones reactive n >= 5 monosaccharides can be linear or cyclic Cyclization yields alpha and beta anomers Linear form is least stable(1%), beta is most stable (64%), and alpha is (36%) Interconversion through linear form

Question 27

Recognition of reducing or non reducing sugar

Answer 27

Nonreducing sugars are involved in glycosidic bond and cannot reduce Reducing sugars have a free anomeric C and can reduce to linear form (requires reactive group)

Question 28

Naming of glycosidic linkage

Answer 28

Count Cs down from non-ring C anomeric C involved in linkage determines alpha or beta

Question 29

Sucrose Monomer units and glycoside linkage

Answer 29

alpha-glucopyranose Beta-fructofuranose Alpha,beta (1-2)

Question 30

Maltose Monomer units and glycosidic linkage

Answer 30

Alpha-glucopyranose Beta-glucopyranose Alpha-1,4

Question 31

Lactose Monomer units and glycosidic linkage

Answer 31

Beta-galactopyranose Beta-glucopyranose Beta-1,4

Question 32

Polysaccharides

Answer 32

More than 12 monosaccharide units

Question 33

Polysaccharide functions

Answer 33

Energy storage Structure Cell recognition

Question 34

Cell recognition role of polysaccharides

Answer 34

Carbohydrates on cells surface important in cell-cell interactions and are very immunogenic/antigenic

Question 35

Fatty acids

Answer 35

Carboxylic acid and acyl chain Usually 12-20 Cs

Question 36

Fatty acid nomenclature

Answer 36

Number of Cs counted from carboxyl group Number of cis double bonds 1st unsaturation at C9 then every 3rd (9,12,15) Separated by colon

Question 37

Essential fatty acids

Answer 37

Fatty acids that are not made by human cells and therefore need to be consumed through diet

Question 38

Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids

Answer 38

Essential fatty acids Used to synthesize eicosanoids Omega 3 18C w 3 double bonds Omega 6 18C w 2 double bonds Named omega 3 and 6 because that is how many Cs away from the methyl group the double bond series begins We don’t have enzymes to put double bonds so close to methyl group

Question 39

Fatty acid cis vs trans bond structural differences

Answer 39

Cis kink acyl chain 30 degrees and increase fluidity Trans are less kinked

Question 40

Diacylglycerol

Answer 40

Glycerol with two acyl chains and remaining -OH group which can bond to other polar groups Amphipathic Lipid membranes

Question 41

Triacylglycerol

Answer 41

Glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached Stored as fat

Question 42

Sphingolipids

Answer 42

Glycerol isn’t base Base has 2 hydroxyls and 1 amino Long fatty acid tail

Question 43

Cholesterol structure

Answer 43

Oriented in membrane Polar head group Rigid steroid ring Nonpolar hydrocarbon tail

Question 44

Esterified vs nonesterified cholesterol

Answer 44

If polar head (-OH) is esterified cholesterol is no longer amphipathic Once esterified has similar properties to triacylglycerols because they are now completely hydrophobic