L1 - Tissues

Question 1

Types of tissue

Answer 1

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

Question 2

Epithelial characteristics

Answer 2

Avascular
Closely packed cells

Question 3

Epithelial tissue parts

Answer 3

Apical surface
Tight junctions
Gap junctions
Desmosome
Basal Surface
Basement membrane
Hemidesmosome

Question 4

Apical surface

Answer 4

may contain cilia or microvilli to assist function

Question 5

Tight junction

Answer 5

lateral surface connections that prevent passage of substances in between epithelian cells

Question 6

Gap junction

Answer 6

channels between cells, allowing communication and transfer of nutrients

Question 7

Desmosome

Answer 7

provide glue to secure adjacent cells

Question 8

Hemidesmosome

Answer 8

anchors epithelium to basement membrane

Question 9

Arrangement of Layers

Answer 9

Simple
Pseudostratified
Stratified

Question 10

Cell shape

Answer 10

Squamous - rapid exchange
Cuboidal
Columnar - usually has specialised surface (cilia, microvilli)

Question 11

Epithelial tissue function

Answer 11

• protective barrier
• selective barrier that limits or aids movement of substances into or out of the body
• secretory surface: release products from epithelial cells onto apical surface (eg sweat, hormones)

Question 12

Epithelial tissue location

Answer 12

• outer lining (skin)
• internal lining (digestive tract, kidneys, blood vessels, lungs, reproductive tracts, secretory glands)

Question 13

Connective tissue characteristics

Answer 13

• network of blood vessles
• cells to provide energy storage and moving cells that protect the body (immune response)
• large amount of extracellular matrix
• binds, surrounds and strengthens tissues
• support, stability and connectivity

Question 14

Coonective tissue parts

Answer 14

Macrophage
Fibroblasts
Collagen fibres
Ground substance
Mast cell
Plasma cell
Leukocytes
Adipocyte

Question 15

Macrophage

Answer 15

Destroy bacteria and cell debris

Question 16

Fibroblasts

Answer 16

large flat cells, secrete protein fibres (collagen fibres) and ground substance

Question 17

Collagen fibres

Answer 17

Strong bundles of the protein collagen

Question 18

Ground substance

Answer 18

between cells, fluid and complex combinations of polysaccharides and protein

Question 19

Mast cell

Answer 19

Produce histamine, dilates blood vessels, kills bacteria

Question 20

Plasma cell

Answer 20

secrete antibodies

Question 21

Leukocytes

Answer 21

From blood, migrate into connective tissue to sites of infection

Question 22

Adipocyte

Answer 22

Fat cells - store fat to provide energy later on

Question 23

Macrophage

Answer 23

Destroy bacteria and cell debris

Question 24

Types of connective tissue

Answer 24

Loose
Dense
Cartilage
Bone
Liquid

Question 25

Types of loose connective tissue

Answer 25

Areolar Adipose

Question 26

Areolar

Answer 26

Most widely distributed Around nearly every structure Strength, elasticity, support

Question 27

Adipose

Answer 27

Adipocytes (from fibroblasts) Often located with areolar connective tissue Reduces heat loss through skin, energy reserve

Question 28

Dense connective tissue

Answer 28

- Contains more fibres, fewer cells compared to loose - Forms tendons and ligaments - Elastic fibres with fibroblasts form dense elastic connective tissue - Walls of arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes, vocal cords

Question 29

Cartilage connective tissue

Answer 29

- Collagen and elastic fibres - Cells are chondrocytes - avascular - Gel-like ground substance - formed from chondroitin sulfate - e.g. surface of bones at joints, nose

Question 30

Bone connective tissue

Answer 30

- osteocytesund - ground substance is calcium phosphate - hard and strong - provides support, protection, work as levers with muscles to enable movement.

Question 31

Liquid connective tissue

Answer 31

- Blood: extracellular matrix is liquid (blood plasma) made of water, proteins, hormoes, enzymes, nutrients, respiratory gases, ions - Red blood cells transport oxygen - White blood cells mediate immune response - Platelets are required for blood clotting - Lymph: fluid similar to plasma in lymph vessels

Question 32

Muscular tissue characteristics

Answer 32

Contain contractile filaments that shorten the muscle cell

Question 33

Muscular tissue function

Answer 33

Skeletal: generate voluntary contractions, for movement, posture and heat production Cardiac: heart Smooth: constricts blood vessels, moves food through gastrointestinal tract, bladder contraction, contraction in reproductive tract.

Question 34

Nervous tissue

Answer 34

Cell types: neuroglia and neurons Neurogia: maintain neuron function, repair damagd neurons, clean up debris, remove infections Neurons: generate electrical signals e.g. brain spinal, peripheral, autonomic nervous systems.

Question 35

Nervous tissue function

Answer 35

- communication via electrical and chemical signalling - senses and processes stimuli - generates response to stimuli