Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MNI (neuro path) > L1- Trauma, Hydrocephalus > Flashcards

L1- Trauma, Hydrocephalus Flashcards

1
Q

briefly describe the make-up of the meninges

A

Dura mater: dense CT

Arachnoid mater: loose CT, BVs
CSF present in between
Pia mater: contiguous to brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

(T/F) CNS does NOT have a lymphatic system

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the main causes of increased ICP

A

Brain: tumor

Blood: hemorrhage (various locations)

Water: hydrocephalus (inc CSF, subarachnoid space), cerebral edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

list the possible results of increased ICP

A

Equilibration: compensatory mechanism to disperse the inc in ICP in order to avoid Sxs (more likely in slow cases, less in rapid developments)

Herniation: with asymmetrical pressure

Diffuse raised ICP –> possible Sxs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  • (1) the main Sxs seen with raised ICP

- (2) the main risk/progression seen with raised ICP (explain)

A

1- HA, nausea, projectile vomiting

2- inc ICP —> inc systemic BP (difficult for blood to be pumped to the brain) => reflex bradycardia —> hypoxia –> stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

briefly describe the 2 types of cerebral edema

A

1) Vasogenic edema:
- inc in extracellular fluid
- disruption in BBB
- Sxs: HA, nausea, projectile vomiting

2) Cytotoxic edema:
- inc in intracellular fluid
- cell membrane injury (neurons, glial cells, endothelial cells)
- possible causes: ischemia, hypoxia, change in [Na+]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

(1) is defined as the accumulation of CSF w/in the ventricular system as a result from (2)

A

1- hydrocephalus

2:

  • impaired flow (obstruction, non-communicating)
  • impaired CSF resorption (communicating)
  • CSF overproduction (rare- choroid plexus tumor)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

list the types of hydrocephalus

A

Note- can be congenital or acquired

  • communicating
  • non-communicating
  • ex vacuo
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe the cause and result of communicating hydrocephalus

A

Cause:

  • poor absorption of CSF in arachnoid Villi
  • overproduction of CSF in choroid plexus (rare, via tumor)

Result: enlargement of all ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe the cause and result of non-communicating hydrocephalus

A

Cause- obstruction in part of a ventricle (mostly foramens)

Results: enlargement of only affected ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define ex vacuo (include common causes)

A
  • brain atrophy causes a compensatory increase in CSF / ventricular volume
  • infarctions, neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s, alcoholism)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe the timing of hydrocephalus and the differences in signs and symptoms

A

BEFORE cranial sutures close –> inc in head circumference

AFTER cranial sutures close –> ventricular expansion, inc ICP (no inc in head circumference)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

NPH = (1)

  • (2) definition
  • a type of (non-/communicating) hydrocephalus
  • (4) Sxs
  • (5) Tx (briefly)
A

1- normal pressure hydrocephalus
2- enlarged ventricular size w/ normal opening pressures on lumbar puncture
3- communicating
4- (wet, wacky, wobbly) urinary incontinence, dementia, gait disturbances
5- lumbar puncture, shunt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Benign Intracranial Hypertension = (1):

-(2) definition

A

1- pseudotumor cerebri

2: (must meet certain clinical criteria)
- isolated Sxs and signs of inc ICP w/o other evident cause of of intracranial HTN
- name distinguishes it from secondary intracranial HTN via neoplastic malignancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pseudotumor Cerebri:

  • (1) main affected population
  • (2) signs and sxs
  • (3) Tx
A

1- overweight women child-bearing age
2- severe HAs, papilledema, vision loss
3- lumbar puncture, shunt; diuretics, corticosteroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

brain herniations:

  • (1) definition
  • (2) main consequences
  • (3) types (indicate the worst type)
A

1- displacement of brain tissue from one compartment to another

2- compromises blood supply, infarctions, edema

3- subfalcine/cingulate, tonsillar** (worst), transtentorial/uncinate

17
Q

(1) herniation is the unilateral or asymmetrical expansion of cerebral hemisphere displacing cingulate gyrus under the (2). It results in compressing (3).

A

1- subfalcine (cingulate)
2- falx cerebri
3- ACA

18
Q

(1) herniation is where (2) are displaced through the foramen magnum. (3) is the main risk as a result from compression of (4).

A

1- tonsillar
2- cerebellar tonsils
3- death
4- respiratory and cardiac centers w/in brain stem

19
Q

(1) herniation is the result of the medial temporal lobe compressing against (2). (3) is present in the midbrain.

A

1- transtentorial / uncinate
2- free margin of tentorium (see Sx card for specific structures)
3- duret hemorrhages: linear / flame shaped hemorrhages

20
Q

list the symptoms of transtentorial / uncinate herniations

A
  • Oculomotor (CN-III) compression –> mydriasis, impaired eye movements
  • PCA compression
  • pressure on midbrain and contralateral cerebral peduncle –> ipsilateral hemiparesis
21
Q

list the types of CNS traumas (head/brain)

A
  • skull fractures
  • Parenchymal injuries: concussions, contusions, diffuse axonal injuries
  • traumatic vascular injuries: subdural, epidural hemorrhages
22
Q

Skull fractures are more likely to occur if the head is (moving/stationary). (2) are the common vascular complications as a result of a skull fracture.

A

1- stationary

2- epidural and subdural hemorrhages

23
Q

list and briefly define the types of skull fractures

A

Linear: straight, sharply defined (80% of all cranial fractures)

Depressed: fractured edges overlap

Basilar: bones broken at base of skull – easily missed on imaging

24
Q

define concussion

A
  • response to blunt head trauma
  • reversible altered brain function
  • w/ or w/o LOC

-recovery is normal, although event amnesia may persist

Note- unknown pathogenesis, but repeated episodes may lead to later development of cognitive impairment and neurodegenerative processes

25
Q

brain contusion:

  • (1) definition
  • (2) characteristics (signs / sxs)
  • (3) are the types of contusions present based on location
A

1- bruise of brain surface following head injury

2- neuron damage, edema, pinpoint punctures / depressions, hemorrhaging

3- Coup (site of impact) + Contracoup (opposite pole where other side of brain hit the skull)

26
Q

Diffuse axonal injuries:

  • (1) definition
  • (2) cause (specific)
  • (3) main presentation
  • (4) appearance on imaging
A

1- subtle widespread injury to axons

2- head trauma involving rotational acceleration –> shearing forces on axons –> stretched beyond elastic point (mainly car accidents)

3- LOC –> coma (no lucid intervals), if patients survives neurological deficit will be present

4- normal imaging

27
Q

Epidural hemorrhage:

  • (1) main cause (specific)
  • (2) affected BV
  • (3) clinical presentation
  • (4) radiological presentation
A

1- skull fracture, mainly temporal bone

2- middle meningeal artery (rapid blood accumulation)

3- initial LOC –> followed by lucid interval (conscious recovery) –> continued hematoma expansion => death

4- convex lens shape (doesn’t cross suture lines)

28
Q

Subdural hemorrhage:

  • (1) affected BV
  • (2) is a big risk factor
  • (3) clinical presentation timing
  • (4) radiological appearance
A

1- bridging veins (note w/in subarachnoid space, slow blood accumulation)

2- brain atrophy (or other diseases weakening BVs, i.e. alcoholism)

3- Sxs can appear w/in hrs or be delayed by days or wks (common in trivial falls of the elderly)

4- crescent shape (crosses suture lines)

29
Q

connect the BV with the related hemorrhage:

  • (1) middle meningeal artery
  • (2) bridging veins
A

1- epidural hemorrhage (rapid blood accumulation)

2- subdural hemorrhage (slow blood accumulation)

30
Q

connect the radiological presentation with the related hemorrhage (explain):

  • (1) crescent shaped
  • (2) convex lens shape
A

1- subdural (crosses cranial sutures)

2- epidural (doesn’t cross cranial sutures)

31
Q

connect the following with the related hemorrhage:

  • (1) skull fracture
  • (2) brain atrophy and mild trauma
  • (3) lucid interval
A

1- epidural
2- subdural
3- epidural

32
Q

connect the following clinical presentation timing with the related hemorrhage:

  • (1) acute presentation
  • (2) delayed presentation
A

1- epidural and subdural hemorrhage

2- subdural hemorrhage only

MNI (neuro path) (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions