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MBBS II MSS > L10 - LOWER LIMB MUSCLES > Flashcards

L10 - LOWER LIMB MUSCLES Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functional groups of muscles of the gluteal region?

A

1) Superficial layer
2) Hip abductors
3) Lateral rotators of the hip

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2
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the gluteal region?

A

3 large glutei: Maximus, Medius, Minimus

Tensor fasciae latae

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3
Q

What are the deep muscles/ lateral rotators of the gluteal region?

A

Superior to inferior:

Piriformis 
Superior gemellus 
Obturator internus 
Inferior gemellus 
Quadratus femoris
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4
Q

Origin, insertion of the 3 large glutei muscles?

A

Gluteus maximus: origin = ilium and sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament; Insertion = Gluteal tuberosity or iliotibial tract @ lateral condyle of tibia

Gluteus medius: origin = external surface of ilium; insertion = lateral greater trochanter of femur

Gluteus minimus: origin = ilium; insertion = anterior greater trochanter of femur

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5
Q

Origin, insertion of the tensor fasciae latae?

A

origin = ASIS and anterior iliac crest

insertion = iliotibial tract (which attaches to lateral condyle of tibia)

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6
Q

Function of superficial gluteal muscles?

A

Gluteus maximus: powerful extensor of the thigh at the hip joint (for squats, climbing stairs); lateral rotation of thigh

Tensor fasciae latae: weak flexor at hip joint, medial rotator

Gluteus medius and minimus:
abduct and medially rotate thigh, stabilizing the pelvis in the coronal plane (walking on level ground)

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7
Q

Origin, insertion and function of Piriformis?

A

Origin = anterior sacrum, sacrotuberous lig.

Insertion = Superior greater trochanter of femur

Function = Lateral rotation of extended thigh + Abduct flexed thigh + stabilize hip joint

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8
Q

Origin, insertion and function of Superior and inferior gemellus?

A

Superior gemellus origin = Ischial spine; Inferior gemellus origin = Ischial tuberosity

Both insertion = Medial greater trochanter of femur

Both function = Laterally rotate extended thigh + Abduct flexed thigh + stabilize hip joint

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9
Q

Origin, insertion and function of Obturator internus?

A

Origin = Pelvic surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bone

Insertion = Medial greater trochanter

Function = Laterally rotate extended thigh + Abduct flexed thigh + stabilize hip joint

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10
Q

Origin, insertion and function of Quadratus femoris?

A

Origin = lateral ischial tuberosity

Insertion = Quadrate tubercule on intertrochanteric crest of femur

function = Lateral rotation of thigh + stabilize hip joint

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11
Q

What covers the surfaces of the obturator membrane?

A

Muscle fibres of the obturator internus and obturator externus cover the inner and outer surfaces of the obturator membrane, respectively

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12
Q

Origin, insertion and function of Obturator externus?

A

Origin = Obturator foramen margins and obturator membrane

Insertion = trochanteric fossa of femur

Function = Lateral rotation of thigh when hip joint is flexed

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13
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior hip and their collective function?

A

Flexion of hip (& trunk) and stabilize hip joint

Psoas major, minor + Iliacus = Iliopsoas muscles

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14
Q

Origin, insertion of the anterior hip muscles?

A

Psoas major:

  • Origin = T12 to L5 sides and discs + transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae
  • Insertion = Lesser trochanter of femur

Psas minor:

  • Origin = T12 - L1 vertebrae and discs
  • Insertion = Pectineal line, iliopectineal eminence

Iliacus:

  • Origin = Iliac crest, iliac fossa, ala of sacrum, sacroiliac ligaments
  • Insertion = Tendon of psoas major, lesser trochanter of femur
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15
Q

Describe the functional compartments of the thigh?

A

Divided into anterior and posterior compartments by Lateral intermuscular septum

Posterior compartment subdivided by posterior intermuscular septum to give medial compartment

Medial and anterior compartment separated by medial intermuscular septum

> > 3 functional compartments

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16
Q

Describe the fascia lata structure in the thigh?

A

Stocking- like layer around muscles

Attached to:
- root of thigh: sacrum, coocyx, hip bone (iliac crest, sacrotuberous lig., ischial tuberosity, pubis)

  • inguinal lig.

Laterally thicken to form band: Iliotibial tract (running from the iliac crest to the lateral tibial condyle)

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17
Q

What superficial vein of the leg crosses the fascia lata?

A

Great saphenous vein transverses the fascia lata

via the saphenous opening inferior to medial end of Inguinal ligament

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18
Q

List the muscles in the anterior extensor group of the thigh?

A

Quadriceps femoris

Sartorius

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19
Q

What are the components of Quadriceps femoris? Function of Quadricep femoris?

A

Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis & vastus intermedius
(only the rectus femoris spans the hip joint)

Function = Extension of knee, Rectus femoris stabilize the hip joint

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20
Q

Origin, Insertion and function of Sartorius?

A

Origin = ASIS

Insertion = medial surface of tibia below medial condyle

Function = flex, abduct and laterally rotate thigh, flex leg at knee joint

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21
Q

List the origin and insertion of the 4 components of Quadriceps femoris?

A

All 4 insert at Quadriceps tendon&raquo_space; via patella and patellar ligament to the tibial tuberosity

  • Rectus femoris: origin = AIIS + ilium superior to acetabulum
  • Vastus lateralis: origin = Gretaer trochanter and lateral linea aspera of femur;
  • Vastus medialis: origin = intertrochanteric line and medial linea aspera of femur

Vastus intermedius: origin = anterior and alteral surface of femur shaft

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22
Q

What are the ‘ Guy ropes’ at the knee joint?

A

Pes anserinus

Conjoined tendons of three muscles* that insert onto the anteromedial surface of the proximal tibia

Anterior to posterior at medial knee:
*Sartorius, Gracilis, Semi-Tendinosus

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23
Q

List the 6 muscles in the medial adductor group of the thigh?

A

1) Pectineus
2) Adductor longus
3) Adductor brevis
4) Adductor magnus (adductor portion)
5) Gracilis
6) Obturator externus

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24
Q

Give the general origin, insertion and function of the medial adductor group of muscles in the thigh?

A

Origin = Iliopublic ramus, ischial tuberosity

Insertion = back of thigh along linea aspera

Function = adduction of the thigh, medial rotation of thigh

25
Q

What are the muscles in the posterior flexor group of the thigh?

A

Hamstring muscles: lateral to medial:

1) Biceps femoris long head
2) Biceps femoris short head
2) Semitendinosus
3) Semimembranosus
4) Hamstring portion of the adductor magnus

26
Q

What is the common origin and function of the hamstring muscles?

A

Origin = ischial tuberosity

Function = Flex and rotate knee, extend hip joint during walking

27
Q

Insertion and function of the posterior flexor group in thigh?

A
  • Biceps femoris: Long and short heads insert at head of fibula; flexes and laterally*** rotates the knee
  • Semitendinosus: medial surface of superior tibia
  • Semimembranosus: upper part is aponeurotic /membranous; inserts at back of medial tibial condyle

Semitendinosus and semimembranosus function = flex and medially*** rotate the knee

28
Q

What are the origins of the Biceps femoris heads?

A

Long head = ischial tuberosity

Short head = linea aspera (and lateral supracondylar line of femur)

29
Q

Origin, insertion and function of Adductor magnus?

A

Adductor part:
Origin = inferior ramus of pubis, ramus of ischium
Insertion = Gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line
Function = Adduct + Flex thigh

Hamstring part:
Origin = ischial tuberosity
Insertion = Adductor tubercule of femur
Function = Adduct + Extend thigh

Do not produce movement at the knee joint

30
Q

Describe the structure of the muscle compartments of the leg?

A

4 compartments:
Anterior, Lateral , Posterior deep, Posterior superficial

Posterior deep compartment enclosed anteriorly by Interosseous membrane, Posteriorly by Transver intermuscular septum

Anterior and posterior intermuscular septums encloses lateral compartment

31
Q

What are the 4 muscles in the anterior extensor group of leg?

A

From medial to lateral:

Tibialis anterior

Extensor hallucis longus

Extensor digitorum longus

Peroneus/Fibularis teritus

32
Q

Common origin and insertion of the anterior extensor muscles of the leg?

A

Origin:
tibia/fibula/interosseous membrane

Insertion:
tarsals/metatarsals/phalanges

33
Q

Functions of the anterior extensor muscles of the leg?

A

Dorsiflex foot & extend toes, invert or evert foot

  • Tibialis anterior: Dorsiflex ankle and invert foot
  • Extensor hallucis longus: Extend big toe and dorsiflex ankle
  • Extensor digitorum longus: Dorsiflex ankle and extend lateral 4 toes
  • Peroneus teritus: Eversion of foot
34
Q

Tonic contraction of which muscles help support the foot arches by acting as “slings” or “ties”?

A
  • Flexor hallucis longus*
  • Tibialis posterior
  • Peroneus longus* (fibularis longus)
  • Peroneus brevis (fibularis brevis)
  • Tibialis anterior*
35
Q

Origin and insertion of Tibialis anterior?

A

Origin = lateral condyle + Lateral tibia + Interosseous membrane

Insertion = medial cuneiform bone and base of 1st metatarsal

36
Q

Origin and insertion of Extensor hallucis longus?

A

Origin = Middle anterior fibula and interosseous membrane

Insertion = Base of distal phalanx of great toe

37
Q

Origin and insertion of Fibularis/ Peroneus Tertius?

A

Origin = Inferior anterior fibula and interosseous membrane

Insertion = Base of 5th metatarsal

38
Q

Origin and insertion of Extensor digitorum longus?

A

Origin = Lateral condyle + superior medial fibula + interosseous membrane

Insertion = middle and distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits

39
Q

What are the lateral muscles of the leg?

A

Everters: tendons run behind lateral malleolus
1. Peroneus longus

  1. Peroneus brevis (more anterior)
40
Q

Function of lateral muscles of the leg?

A

Plantarflex and evert foot

41
Q

Origin and insertion of Peroneus longus?

A

Origin = Head and superior part of fibula

Insertion = Winds around lateral surface of cuboid to insert at Base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform

42
Q

Origin and insertion of Fibularis brevis?

A

Origin = Inferior lateral fibula

Insertion = Tuberosity on lateral side of 5th metatarsal

43
Q

What are the superficial posterior flexors of the leg?

A

1) Gastrocnemius
2) Soleus
3) Plantaris

1 and 2 together known as triceps surae, share a common tendon (Achilles’ tendon or tendo calcaneus)

44
Q

Origin and function of Gastrocnemius?

A

Origin:
Lateral head = lateral condyle of femur
Medial head = Popliteal surface of femur, superior to medial condyle

Function = Plantarflex ankle when knee is extended, raise heel during walking, flex leg at knee joint

45
Q

Origin and function of Soleus?

A

Origin = Posterior head of fibula, fibula soleal line, tibia

Function = Plantarflex ankle, stabilize ankle

46
Q

Origin and function of Plantaris?

A

Origin = supracondylar line of femur

Function = Helps gastrocnemius in plantarflexion of ankle

47
Q

What are the Posterior DEEP flexors of the leg?

A
  1. Popliteus
  2. Flexor digitorum longus
  3. Tibialis posterior
  4. Flexor hallucis longus
48
Q

Origin, insertion and function of popliteus?

A

Origin: Lateral condyle of femur, lateral meniscus

Insertion = Posterior tibia

Function = unlocks knee joint by laterally rotating the femur on the tibia

49
Q

Origin, insertion and function of Flexor hallucis longus?

A

Origin = Inferior, posterior fibula and interosseous membrane

Insertion = Base of distal phalanx of great toe

Function = Flex great toe at all joint + plantarflexion

50
Q

Origin, insertion and function of Flexor digitorum longus?

A

Origin = Medial posterior tibia

Insertion: Base of distal phalanx of toe 2-5

Function = Flexion of toe 2-5, plantarflexion, support arch of foot

51
Q

Origin, insertion and function of Tibialis posterior?

A

Origin = interosseous membrane, Posterior tibia

Insertion = Tuberosity of navicular, cuneiform and cuboid + base of 2,3,4 metatarsals

Function = platarflex, inversion

52
Q

What forms the boundaries of the Tarsal tunnel?

A

Roof: flexor retinaculum

Floor: talus and calcaneus

Side: medial malleolus

53
Q

What are the 5 structures that passes through the tarsal tunnel?

A

@ posterior, medial to lateral: Tom, Dick And Nervous Harry

  • Tibialis posterior
  • Flexor digitorum longus
  • Posterior tibial artery
  • Tibial nerve
  • Flexor hallucus longus
54
Q

What are the everters and inverters of the foot?

A

Inverters (medial):
Tibialis anterior and posterior

Everters (lateral):
Peroneus tertius, brevis, longus

55
Q

What are the flexors and extensors of the foot?

A

Flexors:
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Tendon calcaneus

Extensors:
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus

56
Q

What is the intrinsic muscles of the foot in dorsal aspect?

A

Extensor digitorum brevis (to digits 1-4)

Extensor hallucis brevis (big toe)

57
Q

What are the plantar aspect intrinsic muscles of the foot?

A

4 layers
1st: Abductor digiti minimi, Flexor digitorum brevis, Abductor hallucis

2nd: Quadratus plantae, Lumbricals

3rd: Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Adductor hallucis
Flexor hallucis brevis

4th: Plantar and dorsal interossei

58
Q

Function of the plantar aspect intrinsic muscles of the foot?

A

Arch support (acting as “ties”) and to keep the interphalangeal joints straight against the pull of the flexors

> > prevent the curling of toes during walking.

MBBS II MSS (31 decks)

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