L10 - Mammals and Primates Flashcards

Question

What was the great american interchange?

Answer 1

15 million years ago - present peak 3 mya. Major paleozoogeographic event. Only the most recent such event - Cenozoic India/Eurasia event. GAI - movement of animals from N america to S america via Isthmus of Panama and vice versa.

Answer 2

A common ancestor. The primate family tree goes back at least 55 million years ago.

Answer 3

Archicebus achilles, found in 2013, lived in what is now central china during Eocene about 55 million years ago.

Answer 4

Typically have grasping hands and feet with opposable thumbs, large brains, flatter faces, flat nails, not claws. Stereoscopic vision but limited sense of smell. Long parental care with learned behaviours. Skeletal adaptations to bipedalism. Smaller, fewer, less specialised teeth.

Answer 5

An unusual form of african ape. 1.2% genetic distance between human and chimp, 1.4 between human and gorilla. 1.2 between gorilla and chimp.

Answer 6

4-6 million years ago.

Answer 7

Promisian & Anthropoidea

Answer 8

Lemuriformes (lemurs), Lorisiformes (lorises and bush babies). Prosimains are generally small, ranging from species the size of a mouse up to those as large as a house cat. They are arboreal, have five digits on each hand and foot with either claws or nails, and are typically omnivorous. They have large, forward directed eyes specialised for night vision, hence most are nocturnal.

Answer 9

Tarisiiformes (tarsiers), Platyrrhini (new world simians) - Cebidae (true monkeys), Callitrichidae (marmosets & tamarins). Cataarrhini (old world simians) - cercopithecoidea (OW monkeys). Hominoids (apes & humans).

Answer 10

Olfactory senses well developed, smaller brains, nocturnal, adaptations for grooming or feeding (e.g. aye-aye)

Answer 11

Restricted to africa, toothcombs like lemurs, bush babies: nocturnal with large fold up ears, elongate feet for hopping. Lorises: cautious and slow, strong gripping hands.

Answer 12

Native to indonesia, lack wet snout of other prosimians, enlarged eyes and elongated legs. Majority endangered. Philippine tarsier (4 subspecies), Western tarsier (5 subspecies), Pygmy tarsier (9 species)

Answer 13

Five families restricted to the americas, diverged around 35mya, generally small and variable in colour and form. Wide flat noses, prehensile tails, live in social groups of up to forty individuals.

Answer 14

Central and South America, notable for small body size. Regularly (80%) produce twins.

Answer 15

Found in africa and asia. Divided into Cepithecinae (frugivores) and colobinae (folivores). Baboons are the most terrestrial monkey

Answer 16

Includes great apes and humans. Apes: gibbons, orangutan, gorillas, chimpanzee/bonobo. Split from monkeys about 20-25 mya. Larger brain size to body size ratios than other primates. Mostly large, have long arms, short legs and no tail. Gorillas, chimps and humans: social behaviour, primarily terrestrial, chimps more closely related to humans than gorillas.

Answer 17

Gibbons, Orangutan, Gorillas, Chimpanzee/bonobo. Gibbons and siamangs show an unusual method of locomotion. This involves swinging the arms; the only ape to specialise in this form of locomotion

Answer 18

We share 98% of alleles with chimps. They make and use tools. They have sense of self awareness, omnivorous, coddle their young, breast feed. Can walk bipedally.

Answer 19

Knuckle walking, big toe has thumb-like dexterity, 50% of the time in trees (including sleeping), thicker, denser body hair. Adults have more prominant brow ridge, snout. Greater sexual dimorphism. Live in forest, 6-8mya climate change affected the distribution of forests; replaced by savannahs. As savannahs expanded, one lineage (hominids) adapted to this new habitat, one with wide gaps between patches of resources.

Answer 20

They became rare, whereas hominids diversified in the newly forming environments and became abundant. Ape populations became reproductively isolated from each other within the various forest patches, leading to adaptive radiation and increased diversity between them and the hominids.

Answer 21

5.8-5.2mya, ethiopia. Close common ancestor of chimps and humans. Toe bone has features of bipedal walking. Back teeth larger than chimps; front teeth narrower - suggests diet of fibrous foods.

Answer 22

4.4mya, ethiopia. Mixture of primitive and derived traits. Pelvis indicates adaptations for tree climbing and bipedalism. Do not appear to have been knuckle-walkers or spent much time in trees as chimps.

Answer 23

Ischium bone is long, and the entire pelvis is titled toward the horizontal. Compared to humans where it is much shorter and the pelvis is horizontal.

Answer 24

2.9-3.9mya, ethiopia, kenya, tanzania. Species survived for more than 900,000 years. Ape-like face and braincase, strong arms and curved fingers for climbing. Small canine teeth like humans and mostly bipedal.

Answer 25

2.4-1.4mya, Eastern and Southern Africa. Slightly larger braincase and smaller face and teeth than Australopithecus species. "habilis" = "handy man". Represents first maker of stone tools.

Answer 26

1.9mya - 143,000 years - Africa and Asia. Elongated legs, shorter arms - loss of tree-climbing adaptations. Expanded braincase - greater intelligence. Earliest use of fire and, possibly, rafts and dug-out canoes.

Answer 27

400,000 - 40,000 yrs ago, Europe & Asia. Our closes extinct human relative. Used sophisticated tools, controlled fire, lived in shelters, made and wore clothing, were skilled hunters of large animals and occasionally made symbolic or ornamental objects.

Answer 28

Approx 100,000 yrs ago - present. Turning point about 12,000 BCE, with advent of farming and herding, and urbanisation. Human evolution has shown trend towards increased brain size. Homo sapiens interbred with at least two of the other species in the Homo genus. If you are Caucasian between 2-5% of your DNA is neanderthal. If you are melanesian between 1-5% of your DNA is Denisovan.

Answer 29

Multiregional and Replacement.

Answer 30

Shows that we descended from a single woman 99,000 - 200,000 yrs ago, most likely east africa. Genetic and fossil evidence supports the replacement theory.

Answer 31

They outcompeted other hominid species we encountered in Europe and Asia. There was limited interbreeding between us and at least two of the other species in the Homo genus. All of the variation in human phenotype is recent. In 100,000yrs, we went from a savannah ape to the moon.

L10 - Mammals and Primates Flashcards

(56 cards)