L11,12

Question 1

What does MISTRA stand for?

Answer 1

Minnesota Study of Twins reared apart

Question 2

Twins included in MISTRA study (# and age limit)

Answer 2

100 pairs, separated before 5 months and raised apart

Question 3

Limitations (2) of Jim Twins

Answer 3

Confirmatory Bias
Remarkable similarities compared to other twins in study

Question 4

DNA stands for

Answer 4

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 5

Double helix of DNA contains 3 parts

Answer 5

Deoxyribose (sugar), phosphate, and base

Question 6

4 types of base in DNA

Answer 6

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

Question 7

2 main functions of dna

Answer 7

replicate itself
direct synthesis of protein

Question 8

Replication of DNA

Answer 8

double helix unzips separating the bases. These bases attract to their complements (creating 2 idential dna)

Question 9

what is a gene

Answer 9

length of base sequence that codes for 1 protein chain

Question 10

amino acid

Answer 10

organic molecules that link together to determine the shape and function of proteins

Question 11

Genome

Answer 11

entire set of chromosomes (3.3 billion base pairs)

Question 12

allele

Answer 12

alternate form of a gene. different characteristics

Question 13

genotype

Answer 13

unique combo of indivs alleles

Question 14

phenotype

Answer 14

observed characteristics- result of interaction b/w genotype and environment

Question 15

Quantitative genetics goals (2)

Answer 15

1) estimating heritability of quantitative traits
2) est the influence of shares and non shared environment on quantitive traits

Question 16

definition of heritability

Answer 16

proportion of total variance in the phenotype which is due to variance in the genotype

Question 17

shared factors (quantative genetics) & non shared

Answer 17

shared: experienced the same by siblings in the same household (vary between families)
Nonshared : environmental factors experienced differently by siblings growing up in the same family. vary within families

Question 18

heritability formula

Answer 18

h2= 2(r of mz-r dz)

Question 19

variance not explained by genetics is comprised of what?

Answer 19

environment and measurement error

Question 20

less reliable scales product __ heritability estimates (lower or higher)

Answer 20

lower

Question 21

how is the equal environment assumption violated (2)

Answer 21

1) most (3/4) MZ twins share a common placenta and chorionic sac. DZ twins do not.
2) post natal environment- MZ twins may get treated more similarly than DZ twins. (however research disputes this- MZ twins still concordant when treated as DZ twins)

Question 22

direct estimate of heritability study design

Answer 22

adoption study on identical twins

Question 23

limitation of adoption study

Answer 23

fosters homes more homogenous than families at large

Question 24

heritability estimates across twin and adoption designs for extraversion and neuroticism (most common studies)

Answer 24

50%, 40% neuroticism

Question 25

studies to test contribution of shared environment (2)

Answer 25

mz twin adoption studies non-twin adoption studies

Question 26

mz twin adoption studies very similar on areas of MISTRA study, except 1 intell test? Raised together or apart had higher correlation?

Answer 26

WAIS. together, higher environmental influence

Question 27

Twin study (together and apart) for Extra version and neuroticism. which was higher?

Answer 27

Twins raised together was higher for both, except in shields study

Question 28

2 workhorses of quantitative genetics (nature, then nurture)

Answer 28

Twin Adoption

Question 29

adoption research says family resemblance is a result of Genes or Environment??

Answer 29

Genes

Question 30

Types of non-shared environment factors (5)

Answer 30

1) Sibling interactions 2) Differential parental treatment (some evidence mothers treat siblings different- no correlation between maternal affection) may be effect of sibling difference (not cause)` 3) Family structure variables (birth order, sibling spacing) 4) extra familial experiences (Friends, sports, etc) 5) Major life events (accidents, trauma)

Question 31

MZ differences Method- definition and what is it used for?

Answer 31

-Looks at twins raised together that are markedly different. -to determine if non-shared environmental factors relate to behavioural outcomes.

Question 32

2 ways genes and environments work together

Answer 32

1) Genotype- environment interaction, and correlation

Question 33

Genotype- environment interaction definition

Answer 33

ppl with different genotypes respond differently to the same environment

Question 34

example of genotype-environment interaction

Answer 34

DAT1 genotype AND maternal rejection contributes to depression (need both in combo)

Question 35

3 types of Gen.Env. correlation

Answer 35

Passive evocative active

Question 36

Passive Gen. environment correlation

Answer 36

parents passively provide genes and environment to foster genes

Question 37

Evocative G.E. correlation

Answer 37

Indivs with genetic propensities evoke reactions from others. ie musically gifted children picked out for special opportunities

Question 38

Active G.E. correlation

Answer 38

indiv w genetic propensities seek out environment to foster skills/genes

Question 39

best method for detecting small single gene effects

Answer 39

allelic association method

Question 40

allelic association method definition

Answer 40

compare allelic frequencies for groups of low-scoring and high-scoring indivs on a quantitative traits

Question 41

example of allelic association

Answer 41

D4DR (dopamine transmission) and novelty seeking. long-repeat D4D4 alleles (less efficient at proecessing dopamine) seek novelty to increase dopamine release