L11&12 Motivation

Question 1

What is motivation

Answer 1

The factors that influence the initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of behaviour

Question 2

Sources of motivation

Answer 2

• Physical Factors
• Cognitive factors
• Social factors
• Emotional factors

Question 3

Physical factors of motivation

Answer 3

Food, water, sex

Question 4

Cognitive factors of motivation

Answer 4

Perception of world and what can/cannot be done

Question 5

Social factors of motivation

Answer 5

Influences of family, friends, and sociocultural force

Question 6

Emotional factors of motivation

Answer 6

Anxiety, rage, sorrow

Question 7

Instinct theory

Answer 7

Unlearned, uniform in expression, universal in a species

Question 8

Limitations of instinct theory

Answer 8

• Not observable and measurable
• Not all behaviours are instinctive
• Cannot explain variability
• Oversimplification
• How is the behaviour formed

Question 9

Drive reduction theory

Answer 9

• Homeostasis
• Drives can lead to behaviours that increase or decrease arousal levels
• Stimulated by deprivation-baed needs

Question 10

Drive reduction theory- Primary drives

Answer 10

• Fulfilment of biological drives
• Feeling hungry, thirsty, sexually deprived

Question 11

Drive reduction theory- Secondary drives

Answer 11

• Fulfilment of learned drive
• Heading into the workplace to earn money, allowing you to purchase g/s related to other needs

Question 12

Incentives & rewards

Answer 12

A positive/negative environmental stimulus that can motivate behaviour

Question 13

Wanting

Answer 13

Being attracted to an incentive

Question 14

Liking

Answer 14

Evaluation of how pleasurable a stimulus is

Question 15

Selfish gene

Answer 15

Gene drive behaviour as a means of ensuring their longevity across generations

Question 16

Facial Attractiveness

Answer 16

• Symmetry an indicator of partner’s health, “good genes”
• greater symmetry: higher rated attractiveness
• Health & symmetry relationships modified by sex

Question 17

Attachment motivation

Answer 17

Need to have closeness to another individual

Question 18

Intimacy

Answer 18

• Disclosure and mutual caring, often experienced in adult relationships
• Different from affiliation, which encompasses broader social networks
• Individual differences in preferences for either

Question 19

Homeostasis

Answer 19

• Set point
• Feedback and corrective mechanisms
• Safety mechanisms

Question 20

Blood & hunger

Answer 20

Blood glucose -> eating when blood glucose is low

Question 21

Brain & hunger

Answer 21

Hypothalamus, lateral hypothalamus

Question 22

Limitations of biological perspective & hunger

Answer 22

• Binge eating
• Eating disorders (anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa)

Question 23

Limitations of biological perspective & hunger- external factors

Answer 23

• Learned mealtimes & behaviours
• Other people/social aspects of eating
• Palatability

Question 24

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 24

• Obtaining a sense of internalised satisfaction
• No apparent reward beyond involvement in the activity itself
• Idea of “Flow”

Question 25

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 25

* Obtaining external rewards * Status of one's job, praise from peers for good work, money, titles, property * Associate with more pressure & tension

Question 26

Basic psychological needs

Answer 26

Autonomy, Competence, Relatedness

Question 27

Autonomy

Answer 27

Feeling control over one's behaviour

Question 28

Competence

Answer 28

Feeling effective in achieving personally important outcomes

Question 29

Relatedness

Answer 29

Feeling meaningfully related to and accepted by others

Question 30

High need for achievement

Answer 30

* Activities that require planning * Individual responsibility for outcome * Clear performance feedback * Moderate difficulty or risk

Question 31

Low need for achievement

Answer 31

Choose tasks that are too easy or overwhelmingly difficult

Question 32

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Answer 32

1. Self actualisation needs 2. Esteem needs 3. Belongingness and love needs 4. Safety needs 5. Physiological needs

Question 33

Limitations of Maslow's model

Answer 33

* Does not explain how individuals can forego lower needs to focus on higher order needs * Physiological and safety needs fulfilment varies based on cultural variables

Question 34

Achievement goals

Answer 34

Mastery approach Mastery avoidant Performance approach Performance avoidant