L11 Energy Generation 2

Question 1

Oxidative Phosphorylation refers to the combined processes of:

Answer 1

Electron Transport Chain and ATP Synthase Phosphorylation

Question 2

_____, hydrogen ion, and H+:

Answer 2

Proton; A hydrogen atom stripped of its electron; has a (+1) charge

Question 3

Oxygen molecule with a -1 charge

Answer 3

Superoxide

Question 4

A single oxygen atom usually has a ___ charge

Answer 4

-2

Question 5

In Pyruvate Dehydrogenous/ Decarboxylation:

Answer 5

1 NADH and 1 CO2 released to matrix

1 acetyl group enters Krebs cycle via ACA

Question 6

In Krebs Cycle:

Answer 6

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 2 CO2 released to matrix

succinic acid is produced as a step and released to matrix

Question 7

In ETC step:

Answer 7

Transfer of electrons through ETC produces an abundance of H+ ions

Question 8

ATP Synthase Phosphorylation step:

Answer 8

ATP produced from matrix supply of ADP by harnessing H+ gradient

Question 9

The ETC concentrates H+ ions (protons) in the mitochondrial ____ space by a process of passing electrons through the 4 membrane enzyme complexes

Answer 9

intermembrane

Question 10

The concentrated H+ in the inter-membrane space is allowed to leak back into the mitochondrial matrix by:

Answer 10

ATP synthase

Question 11

The desire of H+ to equilibrate across the membrane ___ ___ drives the enzyme to phosphorylate ADP to ATP

Answer 11

concentration gradient

Question 12

This gradient creates sufficient energy to bond high-energy _____ needed in making ATP

Answer 12

phosphate

Question 13

The ETC is a series of 4 enzyme complexes, along with cofactors (4)

Answer 13

Iron-sulfur clusters
metal ions
cytochrome c
ubiquinone

Question 14

The ETC is embedded in:

Answer 14

The cristae (inner) membrane of the mitochondria

Question 15

What is the primary pathway?

Answer 15

I- III- IV

Question 16

Primary pathway

Complex I begins the transport of electrons, which then pass through ____, ___, ___, ____ respectively

Answer 16

1. Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10)
2. Fe-S clusters
3. Complex III
4. Cytochrome C
5. Complex IV

Question 17

What is the secondary pathway?

Answer 17

II - III - IV

Question 18

Electrons are reacted with ____ in complex IV, forming water

Answer 18

oxygen

Question 19

__ is utilized in 2 different steps in 2 different ways in aerobic respiration

Answer 19

oxygen

Question 20

NADH pathway is also called:

Answer 20

Complex I, III, IV

Question 21

Complex I is:

Answer 21

NADH dehydrogenous

Question 22

NADH dehydrogenase is embedded in:

Answer 22

The cristae membrane

Question 23

What does NADH dehydrogenase use to move electrons? (2)

Answer 23

1. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
2. Fe-S clusters
   Both cofactors

Question 24

NADH dehydrogenase pumps 4 H+ from the __ to the __

Answer 24

matrix to intermembrane space

Question 25

NADH dehydrogenase oxidizes ___ and ___ and passes those hydrogen onto _____

Answer 25

NADH and FADH2 | ubquinone

Question 26

NADH dehydrogenase hydrolizes ubiquinone to _____

Answer 26

ubiquinol (QH2)

Question 27

Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10) is a non-polar, vitamin-like ____ and _____, found primarily in _____

Answer 27

coenzyme and antioxidant | mitochondria

Question 28

Ubiquinone accepts electrons from ____ ____ (as hydrogen) and becomes ____

Answer 28

NADH dehydrogenous | Ubiquinol (QH2)

Question 29

Since ubiquinol is _____ it diffuses laterally through the non-polar layer of the ___ membrane and unloads its electrons to : (2)

Answer 29

non-polar; cristae 1. Complex III 2. Cytochrome bc1 complex

Question 30

Where are iron-sulfur clusters embedded? (3)

Answer 30

Complex I, II, and in Rieske iron-sulfur protein subunit of III

Question 31

Fe-S clusters accept the electrons (of hydrogen) from ___, and pass them into the other subunits of Complex ____

Answer 31

ubiquinol; Complex III

Question 32

Complex III is:

Answer 32

Cytochrome C Oxireductase

Question 33

Why is Cytochrome c an unusual cytochrome?

Answer 33

It is highly water soluble (polar)

Question 34

Cytochrome C moves through the intermembrane space to transport electrons to Complex __, from Complex __. It carries 1 _ with its iron-heme center

Answer 34

IV; III; electron

Question 35

Complex IV is:

Answer 35

Cytochrome C Oxidase

Question 36

A multi-subunit (13) quaternary complex, like Complex III. The last complex in ETC. Contains numerous active sites and uses copper, magnesium, and zinc as cofactors

Answer 36

Cytochrome C Oxidase (Complex IV)

Question 37

Cytochrome C Oxidase, like the other complexes, pumps excess __ into the ___ space to increase the potential energy in the battery of that space

Answer 37

H+; intermembrane

Question 38

Cytochrome C Oxidase takes O2 and uses it as an electron acceptor- neutralizing the transported electrons from Complex _ and _ by making _ from _ and _

Answer 38

Complex I and III | Making H20 from O2 and H+

Question 39

What is the second use of oxygen in aerobic respiration?

Answer 39

Electron acceptor

Question 40

Complex II is:

Answer 40

Succinate pathway of electron donation- II, III, IV

Question 41

Succinate Dehydrogenase is a part of Complex _

Answer 41

II

Question 42

An enzyme used in the Krebs Cycle and only enzyme in that cycle embedded in the cristae membrane

Answer 42

Succinate Dehydrogenase

Question 43

Succinate Dehydrogenase has a dual use of passing H from ____ in the Krebs cycle directly into ETC, then reworked into ___ for the next step of Krebs

Answer 43

succinate; fumerate

Question 44

The ____ donates H to FAD+ to become FADH2, then transfers FADH2's H to ___, which enters the ETC at Complex ___, and proceeding to Complex ___

Answer 44

succinate; ubiquinone; Complex III, Complex IV

Question 45

Complex I: NADH Dehydrogenase Oxidizes ____, passes the e- from H through __ __ and __ clusters onto ___. The H+ ions are pumped into the inter-membrane space, and ubiquinone moves to Complex III

Answer 45

NADH; flavin mononucleotide and Fe-S clusters; ubiquinone

Question 46

Secondary Pathway: II, III, IV Complex II- Cytochrome Oxidoreductase This complex removes hydrogens/ electrons from ___ and passes e- onto ____

Answer 46

``` ubiquinol (QH2) Cytochrome C (Cyt) ```

Question 47

Ubiquinol is recycled to ubiquinone which picks up more __ from Complexes _ and _

Answer 47

hydrogens/ electrons | I and II

Question 48

Secondary Pathway: II, III, IV Complex IV- Cytochrome C Oxidase Accepts electrons from ___ which ___ oxygen

Answer 48

cytochrome c; reduces

Question 49

Secondary Pathway: II, III, IV Complex IV- Cytochrome C Oxidase Takes up __ from the matrix, pumping it into the ___ space

Answer 49

H+; inter-membrane

Question 50

Secondary Pathway: II, III, IV Complex IV- Cytochrome C Oxidase Most importantly, with its __ and ___ cofactors, it splits __ so it will take up __, ending the electron transport

Answer 50

Copper and heme cofactors | Oxygen; electrons

Question 51

Secondary Pathway: II, III, IV Complex IV- Cytochrome C Oxidase Creates ____ which is released into matrix, and deposits __ into the intermembrane space

Answer 51

Water; H+

Question 52

The final step in energy/ ATP generation is:

Answer 52

ATP synthase and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 53

ATP synthase and Oxidative Phosphorylation utilizes what as a battery of potential energy?

Answer 53

The highly acidic (H+) environment of the intermembrane space

Question 54

What are substrates for Oxidative Phosphorylation?

Answer 54

ADP and phosphate groups (PO4)

Question 55

___ ______ is a giant quaternary enzyme embedded in the ___ membrane, with an opening on the inter-membrane space where it channels __ through the complex

Answer 55

ATP synthase; cristae; H+

Question 56

ATP synthase rotates in response to the ___ ___ of the intermembrane space

Answer 56

low pH

Question 57

The rotation of ATP synthase catalyzes the synthesis of ___ from ___, which is released into the ____, and transported out of the mitochrondria and into the cytoplasm

Answer 57

ATP from ADP | Matrix

Question 58

Glycolysis (anaerobic respiration) releases a net of _ ATP per glucose molecule

Answer 58

2

Question 59

Aerobic respiration releases a net of __ ATP per ___ molecule

Answer 59

38; glucose

Question 60

Superoxide molecules form at Complex _ and need ___ ___ to reduce them

Answer 60

Complex I | Superoxide dismutase

Question 61

Much ATP is need to shunt the substrates of aerobic respiration into the mitochondria via transport proteins (5)

Answer 61

Pyruvate, ACA, vitamins, ADP, mineral ions, etc

Question 62

(T/F) Much ATP is used to build new enzymes damaged by respiration

Answer 62

True

Question 63

(T/F) CO2 must be properly eliminated to keep pH balanced in the cell

Answer 63

True