L13: Bacterial Diversity & Archaea Flashcards
(221 cards)
1
Q
our knowledge of microbes is limited because…
A
many bacteria have not been formally identified
2
Q
many bacteria have not been formally identified for 2 main reasons:
A
they have not been cultured (yet)
they are part of complex food chains requiring other bacterial products (syntrophy - cross-feeding)
3
Q
PCR indicates that there about __________ bacterial species per g of soil
A
10,000
4
Q
most bacteria in humans is in what size range?
A
small to average
5
Q
what are the shared characteristics of archaea and eukarya?
A
CELL WALLS: varies in composition, but NO peptidoglycan
START AA: Methionine
NO rRNA Loop
6
Q
what are the shared characteristics of bacteria and eukarya?
A
MEMBRANE LIPIDS: straight C chains attached to glyercol
has tRNA
7
Q
unique characteristics of archaea?
A
varies in antibiotic sensitivity
lacks tRNA
8
Q
why do archaea vary in antibiotic sensitivity?
A
some antibiotics that target bacterial ribosomes can affect archaeal ribosomes
9
Q
unique characteristics of bacteria?
A
peptidoglycan cell walls
first AA is Formylmethionine
has clear antibiotic sensitivity
10
Q
why are bacteria sensitive to antibiotics?
A
antibiotics often target peptidoglycan and other unique structures that cause great damage
11
Q
unique characteristics of eukarya?
A
has no antibiotic sensitivity
12
Q
archaea have distinct ______________
A
taxonomic grouping
13
Q
archaea are 2 things; what are they?
A
extremophiles and methanogens
14
Q
2 types of extremophiles
A
halophiles
thermophiles
15
Q
halophiles
A
tolerate or thrive in high-salt environments; requires salt concentration >25%
16
Q
thermophiles
A
tolerate or thrive in high-heat environments; requires growth temp >80 degrees C
17
Q
methanogens
A
obligate anaerobes
produce methane
performs pathogenesis
18
Q
examples of archaea as methanogens
A
methanogenic archaea in the gut and other bodily sites
the teeth - usually, archaeal presence means a dental disease
19
Q
what is obscure about methanogens?
A
no clear role in pathogenesis
role in human health is still being studied
20
Q
why can archaea live in the human body at all?
A
some portions of the body naturally exist at a level or can become anaerobic enough for archaea to grow (usually signifies disease)
21
Q
how do certain bodily bacteria stay within their designated regions?
A
limitations based on the immune system or properties of that bacteria that prevent them from spreading
22
Q
opportunistic pathogen
A
specifically targets weakened, immunocompromised individuals
23
Q
primary pathogen
A
targets everyone, including the healthy
24
Q
BACTERIAL CHARACTERISTICS: peptidoglycan cell walls
A
comprises Ester-linked lipids, which are mostly phospholipids and glycerol diesters of fatty acids
25
BACTERIAL CHARACTERISTICS: _____ ribosomes
70S; also found in archaeal and eukaryotic organelles
26
BACTERIAL CHARACTERISTICS: genomes are...
single and circular
27
how are bacterial genomes organized?
operons
plasmids
transposons
28
what are the phylums of G- bacteria?
Pseudomonadota (Proteobacteria)
Myxococcota
Campylobacterota
Bacteroidetes
Fusobacteria
29
what are the phylums of G+ bacteria?
Bacillota (Firmicutes)
Actinomycetota
30
True or False: Pseudomonadota is the smallest of the major groups/phylums of bacteria
false; Pseudomonadota/Proteobacteria are the largest
31
Pseudomonadota have many classes; what are the most important ones?
alpha
beta
gamma
32
2 types of Pseudomonadota
photosynthetic
nonphotosynthetic
33
Pseudomonadota contains more ______ than cocci
rods
34
True or False: Pseudomonadota is mostly...
pathogenic
35
Alphaproteobacteria class
important plant and marine microbes
many human pathogens
36
Alphaproteobacteria 1: examples of Alphaproteobacteria?
Rhizobium, Agrobacterium (plant microbes)
Pelagibacter ubique (marine microbe)
Rickettsia, causes Rocky mountain spotted fever (pathogen)
37
Alphaproteobacteria 2: marine microbes comprise what percentage of prokaryotes in the ocean?
20%
38
Alphaproteobacteria Pathogen 1: i.e. cat-scratch disease (B. henselae)
Bartonella
39
Alphaproteobacteria Pathogen 2: parasite in mammals; several species cause 'brucellosis'
Brucella
40
Alphaproteobacteria Pathogen 3: tickborne, causes erlichiosis
Ehrlichia
41
Alphaproteobacteria Pathogen 4: tickborne, causes anaplasmosis
Anaplasma
42
Alphaproteobacteria Pathogen 5: carried by arthropods, different species cause different diseases
Rickettsia
43
Alphaproteobacteria 3A: Rickettsia are __________ parasites
obligate intracellular
44
Alphaproteobacteria 3B: Rickettsia originate from...
arthropods (arthropod borne)
45
Alphaproteobacteria 3C: what are the 3 main Rickettsia species?
R. prowazekii
R. typhi
R. rickettsii
46
Alphaproteobacteria 3D: R. prowazekii
epidemic typhus carried by body lice
47
Alphaproteobacteria 3E: R. typhi
endemic murine typhus carried by fleas
48
Alphaproteobacteria 3F: R. rickettsii
Rocky Mountain spotted fever carried by ticks
49
Alphaproteobacteria 3G: Rickettsia are the closest in similarity to what organelle? Ancient rickettsial parasites are said to be the ancestor of this organelle
mitochondria
50
Alphaproteobacteria 3H: rickettsial diseases typically occur when ____________ and are ________ term symptoms, but more ________
people are packed together
shorter
dangerous
51
Alphaproteobacteria 3I: Rickettsia are good at living _____________
inside human cells
52
Alphaproteobacteria 4A: Wolbachia inhabit...
insects and other animals
53
Alphaproteobacteria 4B: Wolbachia are important in...
the reproduction and development of insect and worm species
54
Alphaproteobacteria 4C: what type of worm is associated with Wolbachia?
filarial worms
55
Alphaproteobacteria 4D: why are filarial worms associated with Wolbachia?
filarial worms require Wolbachia for normal development of their offspring
56
Alphaproteobacteria 4E: what treatment is given to humans infected with filarial worms?
antibacterial antibiotics; worms can't reproduce if the bacteria is killed
57
Alphaproteobacteria 5A: Agrobacterium
a plant pathogen
58
Alphaproteobacteria 5B: how is Agrobacterium pathogenic?
inserts a plasmid into plant cells, inducing a tumor
59
Alphaproteobacteria 5C: Agrobacterium is an important tool for...
transgenic plants
60
Alphaproteobacteria 6: Rhizobium
plant symbiont; fixes N in plant roots
61
Alphaproteobacteria 7: Other Environmental Alphaproteobacteria
prosthecae
marine bacteria
soil bacteria
environmental bacteria
62
Alphaproteobacteria 8A: prosthetcae
projections in which some Alphaproteobacteria bud from and reproduce
63
Alphaproteobacteria 8B: examples of prosthecae
Caulobacter (stalked bacteria found in lakes)
Hyphomicrobium (budding bacteria in lakes)
64
Alphaproteobacteria 8C: marine bacteria
Pelagibacter ubique
65
Alphaproteobacteria 8D: soil bacteria
used in industrial production (i.e. produce acetic acid from ETOH)
66
Alphaproteobacteria 8E: example of soil bacteria
acetobacter (NOT to confuse w/ acinetobacter)
gluconobacter
67
Alphaproteobacteria 8F: environmental bacteria
chemoautotrophs that oxidize N compounds as energy and an e- source and fix CO2 as C source
68
Alphaproteobacteria 8G: example of environmental bacteria
nitrobacter (oxidizes nitrite to nitrate)
69
what are the major species of the Betaproteobacteria class?
Neisseria
Spirilla (Spirillum)
Bordetella
Burkholderia
70
Betaproteobacteria Pathogen 1: Neisseria
often acquired through shared objects and spaces, living in close quarters
71
Betaproteobacteria 1A: examples of Neisseria
N. meningitidis
N. gonorrhoeae
72
Betaproteobacteria 1B: N. meningitidis
meningococcal meningitis
73
Betaproteobacteria 1C: N. gonorrhoeae
STD - causes sexually-transmitted gonorrhea (antibiotic-resistant gonorrhea is becoming a major problem)
74
Betaproteobacteria 2A: Spirillum
helical
75
Betaproteobacteria 2B: example of Spirillum
S. minus ("rate bite" fever)
76
Betaproteobacteria 3A: Bordetella
rods; treated w/ TDAP vaccine
77
Betaproteobacteria 3B: example of Bordetella
B. pertussis (causes pertussis, or whooping cough)
78
Betaproteobacteria 4A: Burkholderia
commonly associated w/ opportunistic infections of immunocompromised patients
nosocomial infection
79
Betaproteobacteria 4B: example of Burkholderia
B. pseudomallei (causes meliodosis)
80
Betaproteobacteria 5A: Environmental Species
Acidithiobacillus
Sphaerotilus
Nitrosomonas
81
Betaproteobacteria 5B: Acidithiobacillus
chemoautotrophic; oxidizes sulfur
82
Betaproteobacteria 5C: Sphaerotilus
chemoautotrophic; forms sheaths
83
Betaproteobacteria 5D: Nitrosomonas
used in wastewater treatment (nitrification); oxidizes ammonia to nitrite
84
Gammaproteobacteria Class: Major Orders
Pseudomonadales (Pseudomonads)
Legionellales
Vibrionales
Enterobacteriales (Enterics)
Pasteuralleles
Thiotrichales
85
Gammaproteobacteria 1A: Pseudomonadales Order - Pseudomonas
opportunistic pathogens; typically caused by wound and burn infections
86
Gammaproteobacteria 1B: Pseudomonadales Order - Pseudomonas characteristics
metabolically diverse
have polar flagella
87
Gammaproteobacteria 1C: Pseudomonadales Order - examples of Pseudomonas
P. aeuruginosa
88
Gammaproteobacteria 1D: Pseudomonadales Order - P. aeruginosa
often the cause of death of cystic fibrosis patients
89
Gammaproteobacteria 1F: Pseudomonadales Order - Moraxella
causes conjuctivitis
90
Gammaproteobacteria 1G: Pseudomonadales Order - Acinetobacter
A. baumanii
Azotobacter
Azomonas
91
Gammaproteobacteria 1H: Pseudomonadales Order - Acinetobacter, A. baumanii
respiratory pathogen
nosocomial infection
resistant to antibiotics
92
Gammaproteobacteria 1I: Pseudomonadales Order - Acinetobacter, Azotobacter and Azomonas
nitrogen fixing environmental bacteria
93
Gammaproteobacteria 2A: Legionellales Order - Legionella
found in streams, warm water pipes, cooling towers - AC
prevalent in places that heavily use AC (i.e. hot, humid climates)
94
Gammaproteobacteria 2B: Legionellales Order - what are the 2 major bacteria genera (plural for genus) in the Legionellales order?
Legionella
Coxiella
95
Gammaproteobacteria 2C: Legionellales Order - Legionella, L. pneumophilia
causes Legionnaire's disease, which is named after a pneumonia outbreak that occurred among a convention of the American Legion
96
Gammaproteobacteria 2D: Legionellales Order - Coxiella
causes "Q fever;" is a respiratory illness
transmitted via aerosols or milk only
intracellular parasite
hence, why you should avoid drinking raw milk
97
Gammaproteobacteria 2E: Legionellales Order - example of Coxiella?
Coxiella burnettii
98
Gammaproteobacteria 3A: Vibrionales Order - characteristics of Vibrios
found in coastal or brackish water and uncooked shellfish
causes illness in those who have eaten uncooked shellfish
can cause wound infections
are semi-salt-tolerant (halophiles)
99
Gammaproteobacteria 3B: Vibrionales Order - examples of Vibrios?
Vibrio cholerae
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Vibrio vulnificus
100
Gammaproteobacteria 3C: Vibrionales Order - V. cholerae
causes cholera
101
Gammaproteobacteria 3D: Vibrionales Order - V. parahaemolyticus
causes gastroenteritis
found in uncooked shellfish
102
Gammaproteobacteria 3E: Vibrionales Order - V. vulnificus
causes wound infections
found in uncooked shellfish
103
Gammaproteobacteria 3F: Vibrionales Order - Vibrio-related illnesses can also be caused by...
contaminated water sources (i.e. leakage in drinking water in post-hurricane Haiti in the 21st century)
104
Gammaproteobacteria 3G: Vibrionales Order - what are the common largescale-spreaders of Vibrio-related illnesses?
human-to-human transmission
lack of sanitation
damaged/lack of infastructure
105
Gammaproteobacteria 4A: Enterobacteriales Order - characteristics of Enterics
have peritrichous flagella
facultative anaerobes
resilient and adaptable
106
Gammaproteobacteria 4B: Enterobacteriales Order - what are the 9 major genera of Enterics?
1. Enterobacter
2. Escherichia
3. Klebsiella
4. Proteus
5. Salmonella
6. Serratia
7. Shigella
8. Yersinia
9. Chronobacter
107
Gammaproteobacteria 4C: Enterobacteriales Order - characteristics of Enterobacters
cause urinary tract infections and nosocomial infections
108
Gammaproteobacteria 4D: Enterobacteriales Order - examples of Enterobacters
Enterobacter cloacae
Enterobacter aerogenes
109
Gammaproteobacteria 4E: Enterobacteriales Order - characteristics of Escherichia
most common Enteric
usually NOT pathogenic
is the "model" system
ideal for lab work/experiments
110
Gammaproteobacteria 4E: Enterobacteriales Order - pathogenic Escherichia, E. coli O157:H7
sticks to the gut and produces toxins
similar to Shigella strains
111
Gammaproteobacteria 4F: Enterobacteriales Order - Klebsiella
causes a type of pneumonia
112
Gammaproteobacteria 4G: Enterobacteriales Order - example of Klebsiella
Klebsiella pneumoniae
113
Gammaproteobacteria 4H: Enterobacteriales Order - Proteus
able to migrate due to swarming abilities
spreads via human-to-human transmission or contaminated surfaces and objects
114
Gammaproteobacteria 4I: Enterobacteriales Order - Salmonella
pathogenic
common in animals
has many serovars
115
Gammaproteobacteria 4J: Enterobacteriales Order - examples of Salmonella
S. typhi (typhus fever)
S. enterica (food-borne pathogen in poultry)
116
Gammaproteobacteria 4K: Enterobacteriales Order - Serratia
pink appearance
thrives in wet, warm environments (i.e. showers, baths)
opportunistic pathogen
causes illness in immunocompromised
117
Gammaproteobacteria 4L: Enterobacteriales Order - Shigella
food-borne pathogen
118
Gammaproteobacteria 4M: Enterobacteriales Order - Yersinia
most commonly known for causing the Bubonic plague (Y. pestis)
Bubonic plague - transmitted by fleas on rats
119
Gammaproteobacteria 4N: Enterobacteriales Order - Chronobacter
highly common; is found in various environments and foods
120
Gammaproteobacteria 4O: Enterobacteriales Order - examples of Chronobacter
C. sakazakii (causes meningitis)
121
Gammaproteobacteria 5A: Pasteurellales Order - Pasteurella
causes pneumonia and septicemia
122
Gammaproteobacteria 5B: Pasteurellales Order - what are the 2 major genera of Pasteurellales?
Pasteurella
Haemophilus
123
Gammaproteobacteria 5B: Pasteurellales Order - example of Pasteurella
Pasteurella multocida (transmitted to humans via animal bites)
124
Gammaproteobacteria 5C: Pasteurellales Order - Haemophilus
requires X (heme) from blood and V (NAD+) factors
major Haemopilus: H. influenzae
125
Gammaproteobacteria 5D: Pasteurellales Order - Haemophilus, H. influenzae
- causes meningitis
- less dangerous for adults
- pneumonia in children and infants
- name is due to mistake in believing it causes influenza
- grown on blood or chocolate agar
126
Gammaproteobacteria 5E: Thiotrichales Order - what are the 2 major genera or groups of Thiotrichales?
Francisella
Environmental bacteria
127
Gammaproteobacteria 5F: Thiotrichales Order - Francisella
chemoheterotrophic
pathogenic
128
Gammaproteobacteria 5G: Thiotrichales Order - example of Francisella
F. tularensis (causes tularemia)
129
Gammaproteobacteria 5H: Thiotrichales Order - example of environmental bacteria
Beggitoa
- chemoautotrophic
- oxidizes H2S to S for energy
130
What are the 5 other major Gram-negative phyla?
Myxococcota
Campylobacterota
Bacteroidetes
Fusobacteria
Spirochaetes
131
what are the 5 environmental non-proteobacterial Gram-negative phyla?
Cyanobacteria
Chloroflexota
Deinococcota
Planctomycetota
Chlorobiota
132
what are the characteristics of the Myxococcota phylum?
- make antibacterial antibiotics
- specific genus is predatory towards other bacteria (Bdellovibrio)
- attacks as a swarm
- complex communication w/ cells of target area
- is sporelike
133
Myxococcota Phylum: Bdellovibrio
preys on other bacteria
burrows into the periplasm of G- bacteria
possible to use for bacterial control
134
what are the characteristics of the Campylobacterota phylum?
multiple flagella
microaerophilic
acidophilic
causes peptic ulcers and stomach cancer
135
what are the 2 pathogenic groups of Campylobacterota?
Campylobacter
Helicobacter pylori
136
Campylobacter
dangerous food-borne pathogen that causes diarrhea
137
Helicobacter pylori
causes stomach ulcers (PUD, peptic ulcer disease)
138
what are the characteristics of the Bacteroidetes phylum?
usually beneficial
obligate anaerobes
phylum of the "good" gut bacteria
can cause opportunistic infections
feeds on fiber-rich foods
produces intestinal mucus
facilitates bowel movement
139
what are the 2 major genera or groups of the Bacteroidetes phylum?
Bacteroides fragilis
Prevotella
140
Bacteroides fragilis
beneficial human gut/colon bacteria
may help in development of the immune system
breaks down toxins in food
provides more nutrients
causes opportunistic infection if escaped into the abdominal cavity, i.e. via abdominal wounds (peritonitis)
141
Prevotella
has various species
gut bacteria
can cause tooth decay and gum disease
142
what are the characteristics of the Fusobacteria phylum?
causes
- tooth decay
- gum disease
- skin ulcers
can cause complications post-streptococcal throat infection
associated w/ colon cancer cells and stillbirth
143
what are the characteristics of the Chlamydiae phylum?
obligate intracellular parasties
will NOT survive w/o metabolites from host
has a 2-stage life cycle
144
what is the life cycle of a Chlamydia bacterium?
reticulate body
elementary body
145
reticulate body
the growing, vegetative form of Chlamydia inside host cells
146
elementary body
more environmentally-resistant form that can survive OUTSIDE host cells, but NOT on surfaces - must be spread by intimate contact
147
what are the 3 major species of Chlamydia?
C. trachomatis
C. psittaci
C. pneumoniae
148
Chlamydia trachomatis
causes STD chlamydia and conjunctivitis (eye infection)
149
Chlamydia psittaci
causes parrot fever
spread by bird droppings
150
Chlamydia pneumoniae
causes atypical pneumonia
151
Chlamydiae is similar to a virus in the sense that they both...
only metabolize when in a host cell
152
what are the characteristics of the Spirochaetes phylum?
spiral organism
has a sheath and axial filaments
flagella are imbedded in periplasm
153
Spirochaetes: what is a sheath?
a type of outer membrane
154
Spirochaetes: what is an axial filament?
a flagellum wrapped around the cell
155
what is the motility mechanism of Spirochaetes?
axial filament/special flagellum is imbedded in periplasm, so its movement moves the whole bacterium
156
what are the 3 major species of the Spirochaetes phylum?
Treponema pallidum
Borrelia burgdorferi
Leptospira species
157
Spirochaetes Phlyum: Treponema pallidum
causes syphilis (STD)
158
Spirochaetes Phlyum: Borrelia burgdorferi
causes Lyme disease
transmitted via deer ticks
159
Spirochaetes Phlyum: Leptospira species
cause leptospirosis
transmitted via urine from infected animals
160
what are the characteristics of the Cyanobacteria ("blue algae") phylum?
progenitor of the chloroplast
can produce toxins
mostly damages by making food for chemoheterotrophic bacteria in waterways
causes "dead zones" by depleting O in water - kills marine life
161
example of Chloroflexota
Chloroflexi, green non-sulfure bacteria
162
example of Deinococcota
Deinococcus Thermus
163
Deinococcus Thermus
very radiation and heat resistant
is the only organism that survived Chernobyl ground zero
164
what is so special about the Planctomycetota phylum or Plantomycetes?
the only known phylum of bacteria that has a membrane around its DN
165
what are Chlorobi, or the Chlorobiota phylum?
green sulfur bacteria
166
what are the characteristics of Gram-positive phyla?
ONLY cell membrane, no outer
cell wall OUTSIDE membrane
the cell wall is thick peptidoglycan, contains teichoic acids
167
what are the 3 Gram-positive bacteria phyla?
Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes)
Mycoplasmatota (Mycoplasmas)
Actinomycetota (formerly Actinobacteria)
168
Bacillota characteristics
low G+C (Guanine + Cyotisine) content in DNA
comprises 2 types: endospore and non-endospore formers
169
Bacillota Phylum 1A: what are the genera of the Bacillota endospore formers?
Bacillus
Clostridium
170
Bacillota Phylum 1B: what are the genera of the Bacillota non-endospore formers?
Lactobacillus (non-pathogenic)
Streptococcus
Listeria
Enterococcus
Staphylococcus
171
Bacillota Phylum 1C: how are Bacillota now classified?
genetic relatedness
172
Bacillota Phylum 2: what are the 3 major orders and classes of Bacillota?
ORDERS: Clostridiales; Bacilliales; Lactobacillales
CLASSES: Clostridia, Bacilli
173
Bacillota Phylum 3: Clostridiales Order - Clostridium characteristics
endospore former
obligate anaerobe
174
Bacillota Phylum 4A: Clostridiales Order - what are the 4 major species of Clostridium?
C. perfringens
C. botulinum
C. tetani
C. difficile
175
Bacillota Phylum 4B: Clostridiales Order - C. perfringens
causes diarrhea and gangrene
176
Bacillota Phylum 4C: Clostridiales Order - C. botulinum
food-borne pathogen
causes botulism
177
Bacillota Phylum 4D: Clostridiales Order - C. tetani
causes tetanus
178
Bacillota Phylum 4E: Clostridiales Order - C. difficile
causes megacolon
179
Bacillota Phylum 5A: Bacilliales Order - what are the 3 major species of Bacillus?
B. anthracis
B. cereus
B. thuringiensis
180
Bacillota Phylum 5B: Bacilliales Order - B. anthracis
anthrax
181
Bacillota Phylum 5C: Bacilliales Order - B. cereus
food-borne pathogen
182
Bacillota Phylum 5D: Bacilliales Order - B. thuringiensis
produces Bt insecticide; does NOT affect humans
183
Bacillota Phylum 5E: Bacilliales Order - what are the 2 major families in the Bacilliales order, under the Bacilli class?
Stahylococcaceae
Listeriaceae
184
Bacillota Phylum 5F: Bacilliales Order - Staphylococcus aureus characteristics
"golden clusterse"
ubiquitous in environment and skin
MOSTLY non-pathogenic
however, non-pathogenic strains can still be mild food-borne pathogens
185
Bacillota Phylum 5G: Bacilliales Order - how can non-pathogenic strains of S. aureus still be dangerous as food pathogens?
S. aureus produces a toxin that causes mild, home-generated food poisoning, NOT a bacterial infection
186
Bacillota Phylum 5H: Bacilliales Order - what is the major strain of the Listeriaceae family?
Listeria monocytogenes (food-borne intracellular pathogen, typically found in dairy)
187
Bacillota Phylum 6A: Lactobacillales Order - what are the 3 major families of the Lactobacillales order?
Lactobacillaceae
Enterococcaceae
Streptococcaceae
188
Bacillota Phylum 6B: Lactobacillales Order - Lactobacillaceae family characteristics
lactic acid bacteria
used in acidic fermentations, dairy industry, yogurt production
i.e. Lactobacillus acidophilus
189
Bacillota Phylum 6C: Lactobacillales Order - Enterococcaceae family, Enterococcus faecium
major nosocomial infection
often vancomycin-resistant
190
Bacillota Phylum 6D: Lactobacillales Order - Streptococcaeae family characteristics
grows in hains
taxonomically complex
pathogenic
191
Bacillota Phylum 6E: Lactobacillales Order - what are the 3 major species/strains in the Streptococcaeae family?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pyogenes
Group A Streptococcus
192
Bacillota Phylum 6F: Lactobacillales Order - Streptococcaeae family, S. pneumoniae
major cause of pneumonia
non-beta-hemolytic, alpha-hemolytic
193
Bacillota Phylum 6G: Lactobacillales Order - Streptococcaeae family, S. pyogenes
beta-hemolytic
causes scarlet fever, strep throat, rheumatic fever, necrotizing fascitis
194
Bacillota Phylum 6G: Lactobacillales Order - Streptococcaeae family, S. pyogenes: Group A Streptococcus (GAS)
can break down extracellular matrix and connective tissue
strain of S. pyogenes
195
Mycoplasmatota characteristics
low G+C content in DNA
lacks a cell wall
196
Actinomycetota characteristics
high G+C content in DNA
197
Actinomycetota Phylum 1A: what are the 3 major genera?
Streptomyces
Mycobacteria*
Corynebacterium*
198
Actinomycetota Phylum 1B: Streptomyces
source of many antibiotics
199
Actinomycetota Phylum 1C: Mycobacteria
NOT GRAM-POSITIVE
acid-fast bacteria
contains mycolic acid
causes tuberculosis and leprosy
200
Actinomycetota Phylum 1D: Corynebacterium
diptheria
201
Bacillota Phylum: what are the 2 main classes and 3 main orders of Bacillota?
CLASSES: Clostridia and Bacilli
ORDERS: Clostriadles, Bacillales, Lactobacillales
202
Bacillota Phylum - Clostridia Class: Clostridium genus
obligate anaerobe and endospores
203
Bacillota Phylum - Clostridia Class: What are the 4 main Clostridium species?
C. perfringens
C. botulinum
C. tetani
C. difficile
204
Bacillota Phylum - Clostridia Class 1: C. perfringens
causes diarrhea and gangrene
205
Bacillota Phylum - Clostridia Class 2: C. botulinum
causes botulism (extreme food poisoning)
206
Bacillota Phylum - Clostridia Class 3: C. tetani
causes tetanus
207
Bacillota Phylum - Clostridia Class 4: C. difficile
causes megacolon
208
Bacillota Phylum - Bacilli Class: Bacillus genus
aerobic endospore rods
209
Bacillota Phylum - Bacilli Class: what are the 3 main Bacillus species?
B. anthracis
B. cereus
B. thuringiensis
210
Bacillota Phylum - Bacilli Class 1: Bacillus anthracis
causes anthrax
commonly found in soil
causes multiple types of infections
211
Bacillota Phylum - Bacilli Class 2: Bacillus cereus
food-borne pathogen
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Bacillota Phylum - Bacilli Class 3: Bacillus thuringiensis
produces Bt insecticide
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Bacillota Phylum - Bacillales Order 1: what are the other 3 NON-SPORE FORMING FAMILIES in the Bacilli class?
Staphylococcaceae
Listeriaceae
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Bacillota Phylum - Bacillales Order 2: what is the major bacterium of Staphylococceae?
Staphylococcus aureus
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Bacillota Phylum - Bacillales Order 3: S. aureus characteristics
- forms golden clusters
- ubiquitous in the environment and skin
- mostly non-pathogenic
- non-pathogenic strains can produce a toxin that causes mild food poisoning
- likes non-aqeous, oily, salty environments
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Bacillota Phylum - Bacillales Order 4: MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)
causes an infection
many healthcare workers are carriers; part of their natural microflora
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Bacillota Phylum - Bacillales Order 5: what is the main bacterium of the Listeriaceae family?
Listeria monocytogenes
218
Bacillota Phylum - Bacillales Order 6: Listeria monocytogenes
food-borne (dairy)
intracellular pathogen
dangerous for children, the elderly, and pregnant
219
Bacillota Phylum - Lactobacillales Order 3B: Streptococcus pneuomniae
major cause of pneumonia
non-beta-hemolytic, alpha-hemolytic
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Bacillota Phylum - Lactobacillales Order 3C: Streptococcus pyogenes
beta-hemolytic
causes VARIOUS infections
- scarlet fever
- strep throat
- rheumatic fever
- necrotizing fasciitis
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