L13: Cancer Biology

Question 1

6 Hallmarks of cancer

Answer 1

GRATER

1) Evading apoptosis
2) Self sufficiency in Growth signals
3) insensitivity to Anti growth signals
4) T issue invasion and mets
5) Limitless Replicative potential
6) sustained Angiogenesis

Question 2

Properties of transformed cells

Answer 2

Question 3

Translocations and cancer caused

Answer 3

Question 4

Proto onco gene that is activated by point mutation

Answer 4

RET oncogene

Question 5

Most sensitive phase of the cell cycle

Answer 5

G2-M

Question 6

RNS virus that causes cancer in Humans

Answer 6

HTLV-1

Question 7

STING Pathway promotes ?

Answer 7

Inflammation -> normal tissue toxicity -> tumor cell death

Question 8

Papillary thyroid ca gene

Answer 8

RET

Question 9

MYC Gene functions

Answer 9

1)immortalization
2) Proliferation
3) Apoptosis

Question 10

P53 facts

Answer 10

Question 11

How is P53 inactivated?

Answer 11

1) some viruses bind to P53 -> inactivation
2) INK-4 inactivated P53
3) Mutation of P53

Question 12

How is P53 modified?

Answer 12

Phosphorylation or acetylation

Question 13

P53 pathway

Answer 13

Question 14

Where are mutations seen in P53 gene

Answer 14

Sequence specific DNA binding region

Question 15

Protein that degrades P53 / Inhibitor of P53

Answer 15

MDM2

Question 16

Effects of P53

Answer 16

P 53 has a role in DNA repair pathway. error in this leads to formation of mutations.

Question 17

Caspase substrate

Answer 17

Question 18

pathways activated by radiation

Answer 18

Question 19

G1 arrest is due to

Answer 19

P53

Question 20

Telomerase facts

Answer 20

Question 21

Cancer cells & Telomerase

Answer 21

Normal cells lose telomerase length as they age. In cancer cells they are immortal.

Question 22

What is a protooncogene?

Answer 22

gene that can become ontogenically activated by loss or gain of function

Question 23

Ras regulated signaling pathway that leads to enhanced cellular proliferation

Answer 23

RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK/MAPK

Question 24

EGFR

Answer 24

TGF alpha and EGF attach

Question 25

COS Sites

Answer 25

Cohesive end sites: packaging of DNA

Question 26

Activation of HIF (hypoxia induced factor) is due to

Answer 26

loss of tumor suppressor genes: VHL - PTEN

Question 27

Types of DNA damage

Answer 27

Question 27

What is Warburg Effect

Answer 27

Observed in cancer cells where glycolytic metabolism is favored over oxidative phosphorylation, even in presence of O2.

Question 28

types of vectors

Answer 28

Question 29

Contiguos sequencing

Question 30

Shotgun sequencing

Answer 30

fragments of DNA are randomly generated, sequenced and then pieced together like a puzzle.

Question 31

Sanger Sequencing

Answer 31

Genomic DNA is randomly produced then undergo sequencing

Question 32

Dideoxy Sequencing

Answer 32

Used to identify DNA Mutation

Question 33

Northern Blot

Answer 33

measures RNA

Question 34

Southern Blot

Answer 34

measures DNA

Question 35

Western Blot

Answer 35

measures protein

Question 36

EMSA: Electrophoretic Mobility shift assay

Answer 36

transcriptional regulation assay (protein DNA, Protein RNA

Question 37

Immunoprecipitation

Answer 37

Uses AB to precipitate out a specific protein of interest.

Question 38

CHIP: Chromatin immunoprecipitaion assay

Answer 38

determine specific transcription factor binding

Question 39

mTOR Pathway

Answer 39

mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a master regulator of cellular growth and metabolism. Causes ribosome biogenesis which is critical in synthesis of new proteins.

Question 40

Caspases of Apoptosis

Answer 40

Question 41

Pro-Apoptotic Proteins

Answer 41

BAX, BID, BAK, PUMA (activated by p53)

Question 42

BCL-2

Answer 42

inhibits the action of pro-apoptotic proteins

Question 43

Activated by GAP GTPase activating protein

Answer 43

RAS

Question 44

Denaturation Phase

Answer 44

90 deg for 10 secs

Question 45

Annealing Phase

Answer 45

60 deg for 10 secs

Question 46

Extension Phase

Answer 46

70 degs for 30 secs