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Ps Respiratory System > L14 Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

L14 Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

1) exchange of gases : atmosphere - blood and blood - tissues
2) regulation of body pH : retaining or removing CO2
3) protection from inhaled pathogens and irritants : epithelial cells and mucus trap and destroy substances before they can enter the body
4) vocalisation - movement of air across vocal cords for speech

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2
Q

What are the conduction systems in the RS?

A

Upper respiratory tract - nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
Lower respiratory tract - trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

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3
Q

What is the respiratory zone comprised of?

A

Alveoli and capillary supply

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4
Q

Outline the nose and nasal cavity

A
  • entryway into the respiratory system
  • inhaled air is warmed and humidified
  • filters debris from inhaled air
  • secretes antibacterial substances
  • houses olfactory receptors for smell
  • enhances resonance for voice
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5
Q

Outline the pharynx (throat)

A
  • warm, humidify and filter inspired air
  • soft palate component moves posteriorly during swallowing to prevent food from entering nasopharynx and nasal cavity
  • protects against mechanical stress (air and food)
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6
Q

Outline the larynx

A
  • prevents food and liquids entering the respiratory tract
  • sound production as vocal cords crate sound as air passes over them
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7
Q

Outline the structure of the lower respiratory tract - the bronchial tree

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveoli
The trachea branches into two primary bronchi
- 5 secondary bronchi, feeding lobes
- 18 tertiary bronchi, feeding lung segments
- continue to divide into smaller bronchi
- divide into bronchioles
- terminal division into a cluster of alveoli

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8
Q

What are the larynx, trachea and primary bronchi lined with?

A

Lined by ciliated respiratory epithelial cell layer

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9
Q

Define globlet cells

A

Secrete mucus to form continuous mucus layer over the surface of the respiratory tract

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10
Q

Define ciliated cells

A

Produce saline and sweep mucus upwards to the pharynx

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11
Q

Define mucociliary escalator

A

Removes noxious particles from lungs

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12
Q

Outline the saline secretion pathway

A

1) NKCC brings chloride ions into epithelial cells from the ECF
2) Apical anion channels including CFTR, allow chloride ions to enter the lumen
3) Sodium ions goes from ECF to lumen by the paracellular pathway, drawn by the electrochemical gradient
4) NaCl movement from ECF to the lumen creates a concentration gradient so water follows into the lumen

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13
Q

Why does cystic fibrosis occur?

A

There is a defect in CFTR channel resulting in a decreased fluid component of mucus
This results in thick, sticky mucus layer which cannot be cleared
Bacteria can colonise causing recurrent lung infections

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14
Q

What’s the role of c-shaped cartilage rings?

A

They support the lower conduction system
They keep the trachea open and are flexible enough to allow the trachea to change in diameter during pulmonary ventilation

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15
Q

What is the posterior surface of the trachea covered with?

A

Elastic connective tissue and smooth muscle which allows the oesophagus to expand during swallowing

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16
Q

What changes occur when the bronchi divide into bronchioles?

A

1) cartilage changes to complete rings, to progressively fewer, irregular plates
2) epithelium gradually changes to columnar cells in smaller bronchi
3) amount of smooth muscle increases
These changes allow tiny airways to change diameter to control air flow in bronchioles and alveoli

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17
Q

Describe bronchioles

A

Non-ciliated epithelium, smooth muscle layer and no cartilage

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18
Q

What do each respiratory bronchiole branch into?

A

Branch into two or more alveolar ducts
Alveolar ducts end in alveolar sacs

19
Q

What are alveolar sacs?

A

Grapelike clusters of alveoli which are surrounded by elastic fibres and a network of capillaries

20
Q

Outline the structure of the vascular system in the respiratory zone

A
  • extensive capillary network which provides large surface area for gas exchange
  • pulmonary artery supplies deoxygenated blood
  • pulmonary vein carries oxygenation blood
21
Q

Describe the structure of alveoli in the respiratory zone

A
  • single epithelial cell layer
  • supported by elastic fibres
  • large surface area for gas exchange
22
Q

What does the mechanisms of ventilation involve?

A

The diaphragm
Respiratory muscles
Pressure changes

23
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during breathing?

A

Inhalation : active contraction
Expiration : passive relaxation

24
Q

What happens to the respiratory muscles during forced breathing?

A

Internal intercostals are active and accessory muscles play a role

25
Q

What happens to respiratory muscles during expiration?

A

External intercostal muscles and scalenes raise rib cage upwards and outwards

26
Q

What happens to the thoracic volume during breathing?

A

Movement of the thoracic cage and diaphragm
Inspiration : increased
Expiration : decreased

27
Q

Describe the Boyle’s law

A

Describes the relationship between pressure and volume

States that at constant temperature and number of gas molecules, pressure and volume of gas are inversely related

28
Q

Explain how pressure and volume are inversely related?

A

As volume of container increases, the pressure that the gas exerts on the container decreases

As volume of container decreases, the pressure that the gas exerts on the container increases

29
Q

What is the process of pulmonary ventilation?

A

Involved volume changes in thoracic cavity and lungs that lead to creation of a pressure gradient

The gradient causes air to move in to or out of lungs

30
Q

Which pressure gradients influence ventilation?

A

1) atmospheric pressure
2) intrapulmonary pressure
3) intrapleural pressure

31
Q

How is atmospheric pressure created?

A
  • created by a pull of gravity on air around us
32
Q

How is intrapulmonary pressure created?

A
  • air pressure within alveoli rises and falls with inspiration and expiration
  • eventually equalises with atmospheric pressure due to pressure gradients reaching equilibrium
33
Q

How is intrapleural pressure created?

A

The pressure found within pleural cavity which rises and falls with breathing

Does not equalise with atmospheric pressure

34
Q

How is a pleural sac formed?

A

Each lung is fond within a pleural sac
- formed by two membranes of elastic connective tissue and capillaries

35
Q

What is the parietal pleura?

A

The outer layer of the serous membrane which is fused to the rib cage, diaphragm and other local structures

36
Q

What happens to the parietal pleura at the hilam?

A

It turns over on itself to create visceral pleura which is the inner layer of the membrane and is continuous with the surface of the lungs

37
Q

What is the role of pleural fluid?

A

It is a very thin film of fluid in the cavity
- acts as a lubricant to allow lungs to move within the thorax to maintain lung inflation at rest
- keeps lung and chest wall together

38
Q

Why is intrapleural pressure less than atmospheric pressure in the pleural cavity?

A

Because the lungs and chest wall pull away from each other
-> elastic recoil

39
Q

Why does intrapleural pressure vary along the lung?

A

Due to gravity
During the respiratory cycle

40
Q

Define elasticity

A

The ability of tissue to return to its original state when stretched

41
Q

What pull does elastic recoil cause for lungs and chest wall?

A

Lung : inward pull
Chest wall : outward pull

42
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A
  • inspiratory muscles contract
  • thoracic volume increases
  • lung volume increases
  • intrapulmonary pressure decreases to below atmospheric pressure
  • air flows into lungs
43
Q

What happens during expiration?

A
  • inspiratory muscles relax
  • thoracic volume decreases due to elastic recoil
  • lung volume decreases
  • intrapulmonary pressure increases to above atmospheric pressure
  • air flows out of lungs
44
Q

What happens in between breaths?

A

Intrapulmonary pressure equals atmospheric pressure

Ps Respiratory System (3 decks)

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