L15

Question 1

What happened to the neanderthals and other descendants of homo erectus?

Answer 1

-Neanderthals died off in an east west progression
-Between 40,000 - 27,000 years ago

Question 2

Australia

Answer 2

-Went varying ways across Australia
-DNA suggest one origin of aboriginal people, then split up once in Australia
-Crossing to Australia requires a sea voyage / island hop
-Must have happened due to being blown off course (didnt know there was a continent)
-Or they saw fires from other land in Australia so knew there was a continent

Question 3

Evidence for travel to Australia

Answer 3

-Cremations
-Paintings
-Fossil evidence
-Genetic evidence suggests one wave of invasion
-Archaelogy
-Anatomy (not used so much)
-Molecular biology
-Megafauna
-Dominated by marsupials

Question 4

Travel to the Americas

Answer 4

-30,000 years ago
- Sea levels were much lower
- Exceptionally cold
- People followed the mammoth into Americas (hunting)

Huge ice sheet
-Route through
-Possibly boat travel
-Clovis people - distinctive tools

Question 5

Evidence for travel into the Americas

Answer 5

• Archaeology
• Anatomy
• Molecular biology
• Language
• Megafauna

Clovis people
- 11,000
- Not the first people in the Americas

Question 6

Why did the megafauna go extinct?

Answer 6

• Large populations kill large mammals till destruction

Question 7

What factors is brain expansion related to? (2)

Answer 7

• Mothers metabolic rate
• Gestation time and litter size

Question 8

Problems with having a large brain: (3)

Answer 8

• requires a stable, high energy food supply
• birth problems
  -length of pregnancy and extended childhood
  -Humans come out relatively pre-term otherwise they would not be able to be birthed

Question 9

The human brain is … X larger than an apes brain would be given the same body size

Answer 9

3X

• Neanderthals had a large brain than sapiens yet a lower EQ ratio

Question 10

Evidence for human speech (6)

Answer 10

-Endocasts
-Larynx/pharynx structure
-Tongue nerve hole
-Spinal canal
-Tools, art etc.
- FOXP2 gene

Question 11

Technology- tool use

Answer 11

• Can be replicated over time

Question 12

Art

Answer 12

• Ochre from 100,00 from South Africa
• Paintings from 33,5000 - 10,000
• Reported from Europe but also China and South Africa
  -Animal paintings, rarely human ones

Question 13

Figurines

Answer 13

-35,000 years ago
-Thinking beyond nature
-Symbolise fertility

Question 14

Sungir human

Answer 14

-Ritual burials with ivory beads
-2936 beads
- Probably adorning clothes

Question 15

Other evidence of existence

Answer 15

100,000 Jewellery (shell beads) from the Levant and North Africa

40,000 Flutes (music) discovered in Europe

30,000 Wild flax used (?to manufacture clothing)

20,000 Pottery

15,000 Dogs domesticated among hunter-gatherer populations

Question 16

Villages, agriculture, animal domestication

Answer 16

• Mammoth bone huts
• Had to follow the herds

Learning to domesticate crop
Middle east
- Wheat, barley, einkorn, lentil, pea, rice, goats, sheep, cattle

China
-Pigs, millet, soybean , yam, taro, pea, pigs

Meso-america
-Maise, squash, beans, cotton, gourds

Question 17

Agricultural (Neolithic) Revolution

Answer 17

-Revolution from 12,000 Ka

-Following the Agricultural (Neolithic) Revolution population explodes from 10 million to 100 million—Neolithic supernova!

-Abu Huregra (Syria) is a series of villages continually occupied from 13,000 to 9,500 and records a transition from hunter-gatherers to farmers

-Earliest walled city (trading post)—Jericho 10,000 years ago

-5,300 Bronze age begins